Species of
Cantharellus
subgenus
Cantharellus
are interesting and important for their mycorrhizal properties, medicinal values, and edibility. In China, there are many undescribed species of the ...subgenus. In this study, four new species of subg.
Cantharellus
,
viz. Cantharellus albopileatus
,
Cantharellus chuiweifanii
,
Cantharellus pinetorus
, and
Cantharellus ravus
from Hainan and Hunan Provinces, respectively, were described based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence as a contribution to the knowledge of the species diversity in China. Detailed descriptions, color photographs of fresh basidiomata, and line drawings of microstructures of these four new species are presented as well as comparisons with related species.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by green synthesis from fungi polysaccharides are attracting increasing attention owing to their distinctive features and special applications in numerous fields. In this ...study, a cost-effective and environmentally friendly biosynthesizing AgNPs method with no toxic chemicals involved from the fruiting body polysaccharide of Phlebopus portentosus (PPP) was established and optimized by single factor experiment and response surface methodology. The optimum synthesis conditions of polysaccharide-AgNPs (PPP-AgNPs) were identified to be the reaction time of 140 min, reaction temperature of 94 °C, and the PPP: AgNO3 ratio of 1:11.5. Formation of PPP-AgNPs was indicated by visual detection of colour change from yellowish to yellowish brown. PPP-AgNPs were characterized by different methods and further evaluated for biological activities. That the Ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis.) spectroscopy displayed a sharp absorption peak at 420 nm confirmed the formation of AgNPs. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis detected the presence of various functional groups. The lattice indices of (111), (200), (220), and (331), which indicated a faced-centered-cubic of the Ag crystal structure of PPP-AgNPs, was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the particles were found to be spherical through high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) determined the presence of silver in PPP-AgNPs. The percentage relative composition of elements was determined as silver (Ag) 82.5 % and oxygen (O) 17.5 % for PPP-AgNPs, and did not exhibit any nitrogen peaks. The specific surface area of PPP-AgNPs was calculated to be 0.5750 m2/g with an average pore size of 24.33 nm by BET analysis. The zeta potential was −4.32 mV, which confirmed the stability and an average particle size of 64.5 nm was calculated through dynamic light scattering (DLS). PPP-AgNPs exhibited significant free radical scavenging activity against DPPH with an IC50 value of 0.1082 mg/mL. The MIC values of PPP-AgNPs for E. coli, S. aureus, C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis are 0.05 mg/mL. The IC50 value of the inhibition of PPP-AgNPs against α-glucosidase was 11.1 μg/mL, while the IC50 values of PPP-AgNPs against HepG2 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines were calculated to be 14.36 ± 0.43 μg/mL and 40.05 ± 2.71 μg/mL, respectively. According to the evaluation, it can be concluded that these green-synthesized and eco-friendly PPP-AgNPs are helpful to improve therapeutics because of significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties to provide new possibilities for clinic applications.
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Hainan is the second largest island in China with the most extensive and well-preserved tropical forests and is also the largest island of the Indo Burma Biodiversity Hotspot. It provides
...conservation for the unique ecosystem of the island. Recent studies have shown that there are diverse fungal species in Hainan. In this study, about 40 collections of the genus
have been studied based on the morphology and molecular systematics, including 35 Chinese specimens (24 from Hainan, and eleven from other regions) and three specimens from other countries (Singapore and Malaysia). In total, five new species belonging to
section
are described:
,
,
,
, and
is recorded for the first time in Hainan. It is also the first report of this fungus occurring, outside Yunnan Province, China. Among the five new species, two are unique in this section because of the appendiculate pileus margin and the absence of an annulus. Based on these new findings, the diagnosis of the section
should be slightly modified to include a few species with appendiculate margin and the lack of annulus.
A polysaccharide CY-2 from C. yunnanensis was obtained through a process of consecutive water extraction, alcohol precipitation, and DEAE-52 fast-flow chromatography. CY-2, with an average molecular ...weight of 2.69 × 104 Da mainly consisted of glucose and mannose with a molar ratio of 33.5: 56.9. Infrared spectrum (IR), methylation analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results revealed that CY-2 may have a backbone consisting of →6)-α-D-Manp-(1 → 3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, and branch chain β-D-Glcp-(1→. Meanwhile, CY-2 had a higher inhibition rate on α-glucosidase activity compared with other fractions (CY-0, CY-1, and CY-4) and was a mixed competitive inhibitor. In addition, CY-2 at the concentration of 10 μg/mL presented a superior power to improve glucose consumption and metabolism in HepG2 cells compared with metformin. Overall, these findings highlight the potential value of CY-2 as a hypoglycemic agent.
Rubroboletus flammeus
is described as a new species from subtropical China based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses. It is morphologically characterized by a red to fiery-red ...basidioma with a dry pileus, a context in pileus white but that in stipe bright yellow, a stipe densely covered with spots, a blue color change of tissues, and a trichoderm-type pileipellis. Detailed descriptions, color photographs of fresh basidiomata, and line drawings of microscopic features of the new species are presented. A key to the known Chinese taxa of
Rubroboletus
is provided.
Corneroboletus was erected in the Boletaceae to accommodate Boletus indecorus originally described from southeastern Asia. The mucilaginous surface of the basidioma, the ixohyphoepithelium ...pileipellis and the irregularly warty to irregularly bacillate ornamentation of basidiospores distinguish this fungus from other described species in Boletaceae. Phylogenetic placement of this fungus was investigated further with molecular data including LSU rRNA and concatenated alignment of nrLSU, 5.8S rRNA and rpb2 genes, and an independent lineage among existing genera of Boletaceae was suggested by our phylogenetic results. Consequently a description, illustrations and a comparison of Corneroboletus with allied taxa are presented.
Hydnum (Hydnaceae, Cantharellales), one of the edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms, is of considerable ecological and economic importance. Although previous studies have focused on the genus in China, ...the diversity still remains incompletely understood. In the present study, in addition to the known species from China being reviewed, six phylogenetic species from the country were described/redescribed, which included a new species: H. erectum, and five known taxa: H. cremeoalbum, H. minus, H. orientalbidum, H. tenuistipitum, and H. treui; H. treui is new to China. Detailed descriptions, color photographs of fresh basidiomata, and line drawings of microstructures of them are presented. A key to the accepted species of Hydnum in China is also provided.
In this study, species relationships of the genus
were studied, based on both morphological characteristics and a four-gene (nrLSU,
,
and
) phylogenetic inference. Thirty-five species of the genus ...have been revealed worldwide, forming eight major clades in the phylogenetic tree, of which twenty-four species have been found in China, including six new species:
,
,
,
,
,
and a new combination
(Bi & Loh) Ming Zhang, N.K. Zeng & T.H. Li proposed here. A key to 24 known Chinese species has been provided.
Two new species of
Hortiboletus
(Boletaceae, Boletales), viz.
H. arduinus
and
H. napaeus
, are described based on morphological and molecular data. Detailed descriptions, color photographs of fresh ...basidiomata, and line drawings of microscopic features of the two new taxa are presented. In addition, a key to all known species of
Hortiboletus
in the world is provided.
As a result of molecular phylogenetic analyses and morphological studies, two new species of the genus
Pseudosperma
, namely
P. fulvidiscum
and
P. singulare
, were discovered in Wuzhishan Nature ...Reserve of Hainan Province of China. The two new species are distinct from other known
Pseudosperma
species in the phylogram inferred from a combined nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nrLSU), and the nuclear second-largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (
RPB2
) sequence data. Muscarine contents of the two new species were detected using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) approach. In addition, a new combination,
P. rubrobrunneum
, was proposed based on phylogenetic evidence.
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