•Boletus edulis is an edible delicious mushroom with abundant flavour compounds.•Diverse bioactive compounds have been found in B. edulis.•B. edulis possesses antioxidant, antineoplastic, ...anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities.•The potential of B. edulis as a functional food and medicine needs to be further investigated.
Boletus edulis is an edible mushroom with nutritious, delicacy, and pharmacological properties. It is rich in carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, and taste compounds, while low in fat and calories. Diverse bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, and phytosterols, have been found in B. edulis. In addition, bioactive compounds and chemical extracts from B. edulis have been verified to possess constipation prevention, antioxidant, antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, hepato-protective, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. This paper provides an overview of B. edulis research in recent two decades, emphasizing the nutrition constituents, taste and flavor components, bioactive compounds, and health-promoting effects of B. edulis. Boletus edulis appeared to have health-promoting effects that may effectively prevent or treat various chronic diseases. The potential of B. edulis as a functional food and medicine needs to be further investigated and confirmed.
, one of the main subgenus of
(Russulaceae, Russulales), is both ecologically and economically important. Although many studies have focused on subgenus
in China, the diversity, taxonomy, and ...molecular phylogeny still remained incompletely understood. In the present study, two new species,
and
, and two known taxa,
and
were described based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses of ITS and 28S DNA sequences with new collections of subgenus
from southern China. Both morphological and phylogenetic analyses consistently confirmed that
and
belong to the subsect.
,
and
come under subsect.
, and
is synonymized with
.
A wealth of information is emerging about the impact of gut microbiota on human health and diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity and diabetes. As we learn more, we find out the gut ...microbiota has the potential as new territory for drug targeting. Some novel therapeutic approaches could be developed through reshaping the commensal microbial structure using combinations of different agents. The gut microbiota also affects drug metabolism, directly and indirectly, particularly towards the orally administered drugs. Herbal products have become the basis of traditional medicines such as traditional Chinese medicine and also been being considered valuable materials in modern drug discovery. Of note, low oral bioavailability but high bioactivity is a conundrum not yet solved for some herbs. Since most of herbal products are orally administered, the herbs' constituents are inevitably exposed to the intestinal microbiota and the interplays between herbal constituents and gut microbiota are expected. Emerging explorations of herb–microbiota interactions have an opportunity to revolutionize the way we view herbal therapeutics. The present review aims to provide information regarding the health promotion and/or disease prevention by the interplay between traditional herbs with low bioavailability and gut microbiota through gut microbiota via two different types of mechanisms: (1) influencing the composition of gut microbiota by herbs and (2) metabolic reactions of herbal constituents by gut microbiota.
The major data bases (PubMed and Web of Science) were searched using “gut microbiota”, “intestinal microbiota”, “gut flora”, “intestinal flora”, “gut microflora”, “intestinal microflora”, “herb”, “Chinese medicine”, “traditional medicine”, or “herbal medicine” as keywords to find out studies regarding herb–microbiota interactions. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2010 edition, Volume I) was also used to collect the data of commonly used medicinal herbs and their quality control approaches.
Among the 474 monographs of herbs usually used in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the quality control approach of 284 monographs is recommended to use high-performance liquid chromatography approach. Notably, the major marker compounds (>60%) for quality control are polyphenols, polysaccharides and saponins, with significant oral bioavailability conundrum. Results from preclinical and clinical studies on herb–microbiota interactions showed that traditional herbs could exert heath promotion and disease prevention roles via influencing the gut microbiota structure. On the other hand, herb constituents such as ginsenoside C-K, hesperidin, baicalin, daidzin and glycyrrhizin could exert their therapeutic effects through gut microbiota-mediated bioconversion.
Herb–microbiota interaction studies provide novel mechanistic understanding of the traditional herbs that exhibit poor oral bioavailability. “Microbiota availability” could be taken consideration into describing biological measurements in the therapeutic assessment of herbal medicine. Our review should be of value in stimulating discussions among the scientific community on this relevant theme and prompting more efforts to complement herb–microbiota interactions studies.
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Based on our previous molecular phylogenetic analyses, four new genera are described, namely
Baorangia
,
Lanmaoa
,
Parvixerocomus
, and
Rugiboletus
, and one known genus,
Neoboletus
, is ...re-delimitated. Four new species and nine new combinations are proposed. Morphological characters of each genus and related eleven species are described and illustrated. Most of species in the genera described from southwestern China are wild edible mushrooms and can be found in free markets.
Mushrooms in the basidiomycete family
Boletaceae
are ecologically and economically very important. However, due to the morphological complexity and the limited phylogenetic information on the various ...species and genera of this fungal family, our understanding of its systematics and evolution remains rudimentary. In this study, DNA sequences of four genes (nrLSU,
tef1
-α,
rpb1
, and
rpb2
) were newly obtained from ca. 200 representative specimens of
Boletaceae
. Our phylogenetic analyses revealed seven major clades at the subfamily level, namely
Austroboletoideae
,
Boletoideae
,
Chalciporoideae
,
Leccinoideae
,
Xerocomoideae
,
Zangioideae
, and the
Pulveroboletus
Group. In addition, 59 genus-level clades were identified, of which 22 were uncovered for the first time. These 22 clades were mainly placed in
Boletoideae
and the
Pulveroboletus
Group. The results further indicated that the characters frequently used in the morphology-based taxonomy of
Boletaceae
, such as basidiospore ornamentation, the form of the basidioma, and the stuffed pores each had multiple origins within the family, suggesting that the use of such features for high-level classification of
Boletaceae
should be de-emphasized and combined with other characters.
Polysaccharides from the species of Boletaceae (Boletales, Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) are economically significant to both functional foods and medicinal industries. The crude polysaccharide from
...(BPP) was prepared, and its physicochemical properties were characterized through the use of consecutive experimental apparatus, and its impact on the gut microbiota of Kunming mice was evaluated. Analyses of the structure characteristics revealed that BPP was mainly composed of Man, Glc, and Gal, possessing the pyranose ring and β/α-glycosidic linkages. TG analysis exhibited that BPP had great heat stability. The SEM observation performed demonstrated that BPP appeared with a rough, dense, and porous shape. Through the BPP intervention, the serum and fecal biochemical index in mice can be improved obviously (
< 0.05). The abundance of beneficial microbiota in the BPP-treated group was significantly increased, while the abundance of harmful microbiota was significantly decreased (
< 0.05). Based on the Tax4Fun, we also revealed the relationship between the species of gut microbiota and showed that the high dose of BPP has significantly changed the functional diversities compared with those in other groups (
< 0.05). The results suggest that
could serve as potential functional food or medicine.
Neoboletus infuscatus (Boletaceae, Boletales) is described as a new species from Yinggeling of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, southern China. It is morphologically characterized by a large ...basidioma with a nearly glabrous, brownish yellow, yellowish brown to pale brown pileus, pores orangish red when young, yellowish brown to brown when old, context and hymenophore staining blue when injured, a yellow stipe with red punctuations, surfaces of the pileus and the stipe usually covered with a thin layer of white pruina when young. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from part of the 28S gene, the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and part of the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1) also confirm that N. infuscatus forms an independent lineage within Neoboletus. Detailed morphological description, color photos of fresh basidiomata and line-drawings of microstructures are provided.
The wild gourmet mushroom Boletus edulis and its close allies are of significant ecological and economic importance. They are found throughout the Northern Hemisphere, but despite their ubiquity ...there are still many unresolved issues with regard to the taxonomy, systematics and biogeography of this group of mushrooms. Most phylogenetic studies of Boletus so far have characterized samples from North America and Europe and little information is available on samples from other areas, including the ecologically and geographically diverse regions of China. Here we analyzed DNA sequence variation in three gene markers from samples of these mushrooms from across China and compared our findings with those from other representative regions. Our results revealed fifteen novel phylogenetic species (about one-third of the known species) and a newly identified lineage represented by Boletus sp. HKAS71346 from tropical Asia. The phylogenetic analyses support eastern Asia as the center of diversity for the porcini sensu stricto clade. Within this clade, B. edulis is the only known holarctic species. The majority of the other phylogenetic species are geographically restricted in their distributions. Furthermore, molecular dating and geological evidence suggest that this group of mushrooms originated during the Eocene in eastern Asia, followed by dispersal to and subsequent speciation in other parts of Asia, Europe, and the Americas from the middle Miocene through the early Pliocene. In contrast to the ancient dispersal of porcini in the strict sense in the Northern Hemisphere, the occurrence of B. reticulatus and B. edulis sensu lato in the Southern Hemisphere was probably due to recent human-mediated introductions.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Currently, mushroom poisoning still poses a huge problem to humans' health and life globally. Poisoning incidents caused by
Inosperma
spp. were reported continuously in tropical China in recent ...years. In this study, a new poisonous
Inosperma
species, discovered from a poisoning incident, was described in tropical China based on morphological, molecular, and toxin detection evidence; detailed descriptions, photographs, and comparisons to closely related species were provided. For qualitative analysis, through targeted screening using ultra-high liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), the new species contains muscarine and no other toxins (two isoxazole derivatives, two tryptamine alkaloids, three amatoxins, and three phallotoxins). For quantitative analysis, muscarine contents in the pileus and the stipe were 2.08 ± 0.05 and 6.53 ± 1.88 g/kg, respectively.
•Onanoic acid, 9-oxo-, methyl ester, 2-pentyl-furan and 5,6-dihydro-2 pyranone were first discovered in the mushrooms.•There were 51 and 69 volatile compounds identified from P. portentosus and C. ...yunnanensis, respectively.•The volatile compounds of the two mushrooms were mainly acids, hydrocarbons, ketones, esters, heterocycles, and alcohols.•1-Octen-3-o1, described as “mushroom-like odor”, maybe lost during a cultivation of P. portentosus.
A headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to evaluate the profile of the volatile components that accounted for the aroma of two edible mushrooms, viz. Phlebopus portentosus and Cantharellus yunnanensis. There were 51 and 69 volatile compounds identified from P. portentosus and C. yunnanensis, respectively. These compounds were mainly acids, hydrocarbons, ketones, esters, aldehydes, and alcohols, of which acetic acid was most abundant among these volatile components. Onanoic acid, 9-oxo-,methyl ester, 2-pentyl-furan, and 5,6-dihydro-2-pyranone were discovered in the mushrooms for the first time, and the volatile compounds of C. yunnanensis was also investigated for the first time. In addition, the volatile compounds of P. portentosus and C. yunnanensis were analyzed by principal components analysis (PCA). The findings reveal the differences among samples and provide the basic data for the chemotaxonomy in studying P. portentosus and C. yunnanensis.
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