We report petrologic studies and oxygen isotope analyses of normal and anomalous eucrites, termed eucrite‐type achondrites. Petrologically anomalous eucrite‐type achondrites can have normal oxygen ...isotope compositions, and vice versa. Two basaltic eucrites with normal oxygen isotope compositions contain pyroxenes with anomalous Fe/Mn engendered by parent body processes acting on normal eucrites: solid‐state reduction by S gas in EET 87542, and reduction during crystallization by magmatic S in QUE 94484. Cataclastic basaltic breccias PCA 82502 and PCA 91007 are paired (petrology, anomalous oxygen). Although isotopically like Pasamonte, they are petrologically distinct. We confirm the petrological and isotopic anomalies of cumulate gabbro EET 92023; likely formed by impact melting of mixed cumulate and basaltic materials. Many main group eucrites include plagioclases that retain near‐liquidus compositions despite metamorphic overprinting. Stannern group eucrites contain more sodic plagioclase, which is consistent with the melt hybridization hypothesis for Stannern group magma formation. The lack of more calcic plagioclase suggests reactive exchange of the anorthite component of the primary melt with the albitic component of the crust. Asteroids that are modestly different in composition can produce virtually indistinguishable basalts, providing a ready explanation for the eucrite‐type achondrite suite. Small stochastic variations in petrologic evolution can cause substantial differences in rocks produced on an asteroid.
In total, 180 Lingnan Yellow broiler breeders were used to investigate the effect of different sources of selenium (Se) on the expression of cellular glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) and cytoplasmic ...thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1) in the liver and kidney of broiler breeders and their offspring by quantitative real-time PCR. There were 6 replicates of 3 dietary treatments. Broiler breeders were fed corn-soy-based diets supplemented with 0.15 mg/kg of Se from sodium selenite, Se-enriched yeast (SY), or selenomethionine (SM). At the end of the feeding trial, liver and kidney mRNA levels of GPx1 and TrxR1 were determined by quantitative real-time PCR, as well as the activity of GPx1 and TrxR1 in liver and kidney of breeders and their offspring. The results showed that, compared with sodium selenite, SY or SM significantly increased (P < 0.05) the activity of TrxR1 in the liver and kidney of broiler breeders and their offspring but not the GPx1 activity. The liver GPx1 and TrxR1 mRNA levels in SY or SM groups were higher (P < 0.05) than that in the sodium selenite group. And the kidney TrxR1 mRNA levels were also significantly increased (P < 0.05) by using SY or SM, whereas there was no significant difference in the kidney GPx1 mRNA levels between the organic or inorganic sources of Se used.
Graphical Abstract
This study compared the rates and microbial community development in batch bioassays on autotrophic denitrification using elemental sulfur (S
0
), pyrite (FeS
2
), thiosulfate (S
2
...O
3
2–
), and sulfide (S
2–
) as electron donor. The performance of two inocula was compared: digested sludge (DS) from a wastewater treatment plant of a dairy industry and anaerobic granular sludge (GS) from a UASB reactor treating dairy wastewater. All electron donors supported the development of a microbial community with predominance of autotrophic denitrifiers during the enrichments, except for sulfide. For the first time, pyrite revealed to be a suitable substrate for the growth of autotrophic denitrifiers developing a microbial community with predominance of the genera
Thiobacillus
,
Thioprofundum
, and
Ignavibacterium
. Thiosulfate gave the highest denitrification rates removing 10.94 mM NO
3
–
day
–1
and 8.98 mM NO
3
–
day
–1
by DS and GS, respectively. This was 1.5 and 6 times faster than elemental sulfur and pyrite, respectively. Despite the highest denitrification rates observed in thiosulfate-fed enrichments, an evaluation of the most relevant parameters for a technological application revealed elemental sulfur as the best electron donor for autotrophic denitrification with a total cost of 0.38 € per m
3
of wastewater treated.
Two hundred forty male Avian Farms broiler chicks, 1 d of age, were randomly allocated to four treatments, each of which had five pens of 12 chicks per pen. The chicks were used to investigate the ...effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on digestive enzyme activities and intestinal microflora and morphology. The chicks received the same basal diet based on corn-soybean meal, and FOS was added to the basal diet at 0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 g/kg diet at the expense of corn. Addition of 4.0 g/kg FOS to the basal diet significantly increased average daily gain of broilers. The feed-to-gain ratios were significantly decreased for the birds fed diets with 2.0 and 4.0 g/kg FOS versus the control. Addition of 4.0 g/kg FOS enhanced the growth of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, but inhibited Escherichia coli in the small intestinal and cecal digesta. Supplementation of 2.0 or 4.0 g/kg FOS to chicks significantly improved the activities of amylase compared to the control (12.80 or 14.75 vs. 8.42 Somogyi units). A significant increase in the activities of total protease was observed in 4.0 g/kg FOS-treated birds versus controls (83.91 vs. 65.97 units). Morphology data for the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum showed no significant differences for villus height, crypt depth, or microvillus height at the duodenum. By contrast, addition of 4.0 g/kg FOS significantly increased ileal villus height, jejunal and ileal microvillus height, and villus-height-to-crypt-depth ratios at the jejunum and ileum and decreased crypt depth at the jejunum and ileum. However, addition of 8.0 g/kg FOS had no significant effect on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, intestinal microflora, or morphology.
In ferromagnet/heavy metal bilayers, a spin current can be generated under the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) condition, and then converted into a charge current in adjacent nonmagnetic metals through ...inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE). Here, we report an experimental observation of interface induced ISHE enhancement in NiFe/Pt bilayers covered by MgO layer. Compared to bare NiFe/Pt bilayers, Pt/MgO interface induces an enhancement of the spin-charge conversion in the NiFe/Pt/MgO trilayers with very thin Pt layers, in agreement with the corresponding trend of Gilbert damping enhancement. When the thickness of Pt is below 1.6 nm, the ISHE induced charge current has about 70% enhancement. These results open a new pathway to improve the spin-charge conversion efficiency by interface engineering.
► Thermo-chemical pre-treatment enhanced the solubilisation of grass silage. ► Pre-treatment caused the highest reduction of the lignin content, followed by reduction of hemicellulose and cellulose. ...► Grass silage pre-treated at NaOH loading rates of 5% and 7.5% had the highest specific CH4 yields. ► Anaerobic digestion of 7.5% NaOH pre-treated GS had the longest lag phase. ► 100°C and the NaOH loading rate of 5% is a proper GS pre-treatment condition.
Dried grass silage (GS) was pre-treated at different NaOH loading rates (1%, 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% by volatile solids (VS) mass in grass silage) and temperatures (20°C, 60°C, 100°C and 150°C) to determine effects on its bio-degradability in terms of the hydrolysis yield and degradation of ligno-cellulosic materials for biogas production. At 100°C and the four NaOH loadings, up to 45% of the total COD was solubilised and up to 65.6%, 36.1% and 21.2% of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose were removed, respectively; biological methane production potentials obtained were 359.5, 401.8, 449.5 and 452.5ml CH4/g VS added, respectively, being improved by 10–38.9% in comparison with untreated GS. VS removals following anaerobic digestion were 67.6%, 76.9%, 85.3%, 95.2% and 96.7% for untreated GS and GS treated at the four NaOH loadings, respectively. 100°C and the NaOH loading rate of 5% is recommended as a proper GS pre-treatment condition.
Background and Objective
Chronic periodontitis causes damage to tooth‐supporting tissues, resulting in tooth loss in adults. Recently, cell‐sheet‐based approaches have been studied to overcome the ...limitations of conventional cytotherapeutic procedures for periodontal regeneration. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the regenerative potential of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in three‐dimensional (3D) cell sheet constructs for periodontal regeneration in vivo.
Material and Methods
PDLSCs, HUVECs or co‐cultures of both cells were seeded onto temperature‐responsive culture dishes, and intact cell sheets were fabricated. Cell sheets were wrapped around the prepared human roots in three different combinations and implanted subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice.
Results
Histological evaluation revealed that after 2, 4 and 8 wk of implantation, periodontal ligament‐like tissue arrangements were observed around the implanted roots in experimental groups compared with controls. Vascular lumens were also observed in periodontal compartments of HUVEC‐containing groups. Periodontal ligament regeneration, cementogenesis and osteogenesis were evident in the experimental groups at both weeks 4 and 8, as shown by immunostaining for periostin and bone sialoprotein. Human cells in the transplanted cell sheets were stained by immunohistochemistry for the presence of human mitochondria.
Conclusions
The 3D cell sheet‐based approach may be potentially beneficial and is thus encouraged for future regenerative periodontal therapy.
Itaconic acid (IA), a metabolite generated by the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in eukaryotic immune cells, and its derivative dimethyl itaconate (DI) exert antibacterial functions in intracellular ...environments. Previous studies suggested that IA and DI only inhibit bacterial growth in carbon-limited environments; however, whether IA and DI maintain antibacterial activity in carbon-enriched environments remains unknown. Here, IA and DI inhibited the bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 24.02 mM and 39.52 mM, respectively, in a carbon-enriched environment. The reduced bacterial pathogenicity was reflected in cell membrane integrity, motility, biofilm formation, AI-2/luxS, and virulence. Mechanistically, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity and fumaric acid levels decreased in the IA and DI treatments, while isocitrate lyase (ICL) activity was upregulated. Inhibited TCA circulation was also observed through untargeted metabolomics. In addition, energy-related aspartate metabolism and lysine degradation were suppressed. In summary, these results indicated that IA and DI reduced bacterial pathogenicity while exerting antibacterial functions by inhibiting TCA circulation. This study enriches knowledge on the inhibition of bacteria by IA and DI in a carbon-mixed environment, suggesting an alternative method for treating bacterial infections by immune metabolites.
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•Itaconic acid (IA) and dimethyl itaconate (DI) exerted antibacterial effects in the carbon-enriched environment.•IA and DI reduced the bacterial pathogenicity including biofilm formation, motility, virulence, and AI-2/luxS system.•IA and DI inhibited succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, further altering tricarboxylic acid (TCA) circulation.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of time access to post-hatch feeding on the growth performance, hormone secretion, intestinal morphology, and intestinal microbiota structure of broilers. ...A total of 900 broilers were randomly allocated to 3 treatment groups, with 6 replicates of 50 broilers each. The 3 treatments were: immediate feeding (Group 2 h), delayed access to feed for 24 h (Group 24 h), and delayed access to feed for 48 h (Group 48 h). The experiment lasted for 50 d. Results revealed that Group 2 h had a higher average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) as well as a lower feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) than Group 48 h during the starter period (P < 0.05). Compared with Group 48 h, broilers in Group 2 h exhibited significantly elevated villus height (VH) and villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH: CD) in the duodenum, increased Occludin, and Claudin-1 mRNA expression in the jejunum but decreased crypt depth (CD) in the duodenum at 50 d (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, broilers in Groups 2 h and 24 h had increased glycogen (Gn) and protein (Pro) levels in breast muscle and TG levels in the liver, as well as a higher concentration of serum T3, T4, and IGF-1 compared with Group 48 h at 21 d (P < 0.05). Besides, intestinal microbiota consisted primarily of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria at the phylum level at 21 d and 50 d; at the genus level, broilers in Group 2 h displayed significantly reduced abundance of Escherichia at 21 d and Bacteroides at 50 d compared with Group 48 h (P < 0.05). Collectively, these findings signal that early post-hatch feeding measures, especially at 21 d, improve hormone secretion, intestinal morphology, and the growth performance of broilers by enhancing intestinal health and modulating the intestinal microbiota.
Missing in metastasis (MIM) is a member of newly emerged inverse Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs (BAR) domain protein family and a putative metastasis suppressor. Although reduced MIM expression has been ...associated with bladder, breast and gastric cancers, evidence for the role of MIM in tumor progression remains scarce and controversial. Herein we characterized a MIM knockout mouse strain and observed that MIM-deficient mice often developed enlarged spleens. Autopsy and histological analysis revealed that nearly 78% of MIM(-/-) mice developed tumors with features similar to diffuse large B lymphoma during a period from 1 to 2 years. MIM(-/-) mice also exhibited abnormal distribution of B cells in lymphoid organs with decrease in the spleen but increase in the bone marrow and the peripheral blood. Furthermore, the bone marrow of MIM(-/-) mice contained a higher percentage of pre-B2 cells but fewer immature B-cells than wild-type mice. In response to CXCL13, a B-cell chemokine released from splenic stromal cells, MIM-deficient B-cells did not undergo chemotaxis or morphological changes in response to the chemokine and also did not internalize CXCR5, the receptor of CXCL13. Microarray analyses demonstrated that MIM is the only member of the I-BAR domain family that was highly expressed in human B cells. However, low or absent MIM expression was common in either primary B-cell malignancies or established B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia or lymphomas. Thus, our data demonstrate for the first time an important role for MIM in B-cell development and suggest that predisposition of MIM-null mice to lymphomagenesis may involve aberrant interactions between B lineage cells and the lymphoid microenvironment.
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