The bottomonium spectrum is far from being established. The structures of higher vector states, including the Υ ( 10580 ) , Υ ( 10860 ) , and Υ ( 11020 ) states, are still in dispute. In addition, ...whether the Υ ( 10750 ) signal which was recently observed by the Belle Collaboration is a normal b ¯ b state or not should be examined. Faced with such a situation, we carried out a systematic investigation of the bottomonium spectrum in the scheme of the relativistic flux tube (RFT) model. A Chew-Frautschi-like formula was derived analytically for the spin average mass of bottomonium states. We further incorporated the spin-dependent interactions and obtained a complete bottomonium spectrum. We found that the most established bottomonium states can be explained in the RFT scheme. The Υ ( 10750 ) , Υ ( 10860 ) , and Υ ( 11020 ) could be predominantly the 3 3 D 1 , 5 3 S 1 , and 4 3 D 1 states, respectively. Our predicted masses of 1 F and 1 G b ¯ b states are in agreement with the results given by the method of lattice QCD, which can be tested by experiments in future. We also compared the RFT model with the quark potential model in detail. The differences of these two kinds of models were discussed.
Ki67 is a proliferation marker. It has been proposed as a useful clinical marker for breast cancer subtype classification, prognosis, and prediction of therapeutic response. But the questionable ...analytical validity of Ki67 prevents its widespread adoption of these measures for treatment decisions in breast cancer. Currently, Ki67 has been tested as a predictive marker for chemotherapy using clinical and pathological response as endpoints in neoadjuvant endocrine therapy. Ki67 can be used as a predictor to evaluate the recurrence-free survival rate of patients, or its change can be used to predict the preoperative "window of opportunity" in neoadjuvant endocrine therapy. In this review, we will elaborate on the role of Ki67 in neoadjuvant endocrine therapy in breast cancer.
A novel capillary electrochromatography method has been developed for the simultaneous quantification of ten benzimidazole fungicides in fruits. Herein, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and ionic ...liquids (ILs) were successfully introduced to prepare open-tubular capillary column to improve the loading capacity and separation performance. The parameters effecting the analytical performance including pH and concentration of running buffer, separation voltage and the addition of organic solvent were investigated systematically. Under the optimized conditions, the method allowed the baseline separation of ten benzimidazole fungicides, and showed a good linearity in the range of 3.5–200 μg kg
−1
with the detection limits between 1.0 and 2.8 μg kg
−1
. The intraday and interday precisions for recoveries were lower than 7.9% and 12.2%, respectively. Intraday and interday precisions for their retention times were lower than 3.2% and 6.6%, respectively. Satisfactory recoveries for grape, pear and orange samples at two concentrations were obtained ranging from 85.0 to 95.9% with RSDs lower than 7.8%, demonstrating the potential applications of the open-tubular capillary electrochromatography method for trace benzimidazole fungicides analysis in fruits.
Graphical abstract
Defects in p53 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways are frequently observed in the initiation and development of various human malignancies, including prostate cancer. Clinical ...studies demonstrate higher expression of NF-κB/p65/RelA, NF-κB/p50/RelB, and cRel as well as downregulation of the p53 network in primary prostate cancer specimens and in metastatic tumors. Betulinic acid (BA), is a triterpenoid that has been reported to be an effective inducer of apoptosis through modification of several signaling pathways. Our objective was to investigate the pathways involved in BA-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. We employed the androgen-responsive LNCaP cells harboring wild-type p53, and androgen-refractory DU145 cells possessing mutated p53 with high constitutive NF-κB activity. Inhibition of cell survival by BA at 10 and 20 µM concentrations occurred as a result of alteration in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in both cell lines that led to an increased cytochrome C release, caspase activation and poly(ADP)ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage, leading to apoptosis. BA treatment resulted in stabilization of p53 through increase in phosphorylation at Ser15 in LNCaP cells, but not in DU145 cells, and induction of cyclin kinase inhibitor p21/Waf1 in both cell types. Furthermore, treatment of both prostate cancer cells with BA decreased the phosphorylation of IκB kinase (IKK)α and I-kappa-B-alpha (IκBα) inhibiting the nuclear location of NF-κB/p65 causing cytosolic accumulation and resulting in its decreased nuclear binding. We demonstrate that BA may induce apoptosis by stabilizing p53 and downregulating NF-κB pathway in human prostate cancer cells, irrespective of the androgen association, and therefore can potentially be developed as a molecule of interest in cancer chemoprevention.
Abstract
Possible assignments of highly excited
$$\varLambda _c(2860)^+$$
Λ
c
(
2860
)
+
,
$$\varLambda _c(2880)^+$$
Λ
c
(
2880
)
+
and
$$\varLambda _c(2940)^+$$
Λ
c
(
2940
)
+
are explored in a
...$$^3P_0$$
3
P
0
strong decay model. Decay widths, branching fraction ratios
$$R={\varGamma (\varSigma _c(2520)\pi )\over \varGamma (\varSigma _c(2455)\pi )}$$
R
=
Γ
(
Σ
c
(
2520
)
π
)
Γ
(
Σ
c
(
2455
)
π
)
and the branching fractions of
DN
channels of theses assignments are computed.
$$D^0p$$
D
0
p
channel is a very important channel to provide information on the inner excitation and structure of these highly excited
$$\varLambda _c$$
Λ
c
. In our analysis,
$$\varLambda _c(2860)^+$$
Λ
c
(
2860
)
+
may be a 1
D
-wave excited
$$\varLambda _c$$
Λ
c
with
$$J^P={3\over 2}^+$$
J
P
=
3
2
+
, which has dominant
DN
decay channels with a branching fraction
$${\mathcal {B}}(\varLambda _c(2860)^+\rightarrow DN)=75\%$$
B
(
Λ
c
(
2860
)
+
→
D
N
)
=
75
%
and a branching ratio
$$R={\varGamma (\varSigma _c(2520)\pi )\over \varGamma (\varSigma _c(2455)\pi )}=0.12$$
R
=
Γ
(
Σ
c
(
2520
)
π
)
Γ
(
Σ
c
(
2455
)
π
)
=
0.12
.
$$\varLambda _c(2880)^+$$
Λ
c
(
2880
)
+
is very possibly a 1
F
-wave excited
$$\varLambda _c$$
Λ
c
with
$$J^P=\frac{5}{2}^-$$
J
P
=
5
2
-
; In this assignment, the predicted total decay width (
$$\varGamma \approx 4.49$$
Γ
≈
4.49
MeV) is comparable to the measured
$$\varGamma =5.6^{+0.8}_{-0.6}$$
Γ
=
5
.
6
-
0.6
+
0.8
MeV, and the predicted
$$R={\varGamma (\varSigma _c(2520)\pi )\over \varGamma (\varSigma _c(2455)\pi )}=0.12$$
R
=
Γ
(
Σ
c
(
2520
)
π
)
Γ
(
Σ
c
(
2455
)
π
)
=
0.12
is consistent with the measured
$$R=0.225\pm 0.062\pm 0.025$$
R
=
0.225
±
0.062
±
0.025
; The
DN
channels are its dominant strong decay channels with a branching fraction
$${\mathcal {B}}(\varLambda _c(2880)^+\rightarrow DN)=94\%$$
B
(
Λ
c
(
2880
)
+
→
D
N
)
=
94
%
.
$$\varLambda _c(2880)^+$$
Λ
c
(
2880
)
+
seems impossibly a 1
D
-wave excited
$$\varLambda _c$$
Λ
c
with
$$J^P=\frac{5}{2}^+$$
J
P
=
5
2
+
once the presently measured
$$R={\varGamma (\varSigma _c(2520)\pi )\over \varGamma (\varSigma _c(2455)\pi )}$$
R
=
Γ
(
Σ
c
(
2520
)
π
)
Γ
(
Σ
c
(
2455
)
π
)
is confirmed.
$$\varLambda _c(2940)^+$$
Λ
c
(
2940
)
+
may be a 2
P
-wave excited
$$\varLambda ^{1,0}_{c1,1}(\frac{3}{2}^-,2P)$$
Λ
c
1
,
1
1
,
0
(
3
2
-
,
2
P
)
. In this case,
$$\varLambda _c(2940)^+$$
Λ
c
(
2940
)
+
has a total decay width
$$\varGamma =17.56$$
Γ
=
17.56
MeV, a branching ratio
$$R={\varGamma (\varSigma _c(2520)\pi )\over \varGamma (\varSigma _c(2455)\pi )}=0.89$$
R
=
Γ
(
Σ
c
(
2520
)
π
)
Γ
(
Σ
c
(
2455
)
π
)
=
0.89
and the
DN
decay channels with a branching fraction
$${\mathcal {B}}(\varLambda _c(2940)^+\rightarrow DN)=43\%$$
B
(
Λ
c
(
2940
)
+
→
D
N
)
=
43
%
. In order to understand the inner excitation and structure of these highly excited
$$\varLambda _c$$
Λ
c
, measurements of those predicted quantities are required in the future.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Highlights • LncRNAs are important regulators of prostate cancer development and progression • LncRNAs may have utility as highly specific biomarkers of prostate cancer • LncRNAs may be important new ...therapeutic targets • This new field will provide many new opportunities for research
Breast cancer is a highly complicated disease. Advancement in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer lies in elucidation of the mechanism of carcinogenesis and progression. Rodent models of ...breast cancer have developed into premier tools for investigating the mechanisms and genetic pathways in breast cancer progression and metastasis and for developing and evaluating clinical therapeutics. Every rodent model has advantages and disadvantages, and the selection of appropriate rodent models with which to investigate breast cancer is a key decision in research. Design of a suitable rodent model for a specific research purpose is based on the integration of the advantages and disadvantages of different models. Our purpose in writing this review is to elaborate on various rodent models for breast cancer formation, progression, and therapeutic testing.
In response to the severe energy-saving and emission-reduction situation, it is of great practical significance to reduce the fuel consumption of ships’ main engines and carbon dioxide emissions, and ...to realize the energy-saving and emission reduction of ships. In this study, We use the particle swarm optimization algorithm to optimize and analyze the energy consumption of ships based on the energy consumption data of ships during navigation, and test the energy efficiency of ships through the ship energy efficiency operation index. The results of the present study show that in order to reduce the energy consumption of ships and ultimately achieve the purpose of energy saving and emission reduction, it is theoretically feasible to use particle swarm optimization algorithm to optimize the speed of ships.
In grassland ecosystems, the plant functional group (PFG) is an important bridge connecting individual plants to the community system. The grassland ecosystem is the main ecosystem type on the ...Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Altun Mountain is located in the key grassland transcontinental belt of the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The composition and changes in the PFG in this ecosystem reflect the community characteristics in the arid and semi-arid extreme climate regions of the Plateau. The main PFGs were forbs and grasses, and the importance values (IVs) accounted for more than 50%. Plant species diversity of the community was influenced by the IV of the legumes, and the increase in legumes would promote the increase in plant community diversity. The C, N, and P contents of plant communities were mainly influenced by forbs and grasses, and the relationship between forbs and C, N, and P was opposite to that of grasses. However, under the influence of different hydrothermal conditions, forbs and grasses as dominant functional groups had a stronger correlation with community and soil nutrients. This indicates that the dominant PFGs (forbs and grasses) can dominate the C, N, and P contents of the community and soil, and legumes affect community composition and succession. In this study, we analyzed the changing characteristics of functional groups in dry and cold extreme environments and the difference in their impacts on community development compared with other grassland ecosystem functional groups.
The bolted-flange connection is a new application for mounting rectangular hollow section (RHS) columns in prefabricated multi-high-rise steel structures, which may bear the combination of bending ...moment and shear under permanent, live, wind loads or earthquake. The performance of the bolted-flange connection used in the structural column is different from that in its popular usage in the pipe because the subjected force is different. To investigate the bearing performance of a bolted-flange connection under the combination of bending moment and shear, this study conducted static tests and finite element analysis (FEA) of 12 column-to-column bolted-flange connections with different flange thicknesses, bolt edge distances, flange edge widths and bolt hole diameters, as well as one column without a connection. The test agreed well with the FEA, which verifies the FEA. The influences of the flange thickness, bolt edge distance, flange edge width and bolt hole diameter on the stiffness and strength of the connections, bolt tension and contact force were studied, and the failure mode and mechanism of the connection were obtained. A significant prying action occurred on the flange contact surface, increased the bolt tension in the tensile region, and caused the bolt shanks to experience tension and bending moment. The flange thickness had a large impact on the prying force, while other factors had less of an effect. Based on the yield line theory, the bearing mechanism of the connection was obtained. The formulas for the yield bearing capacity were proposed and were verified by the test and FEA.
Display omitted
•Mechanical performance of bolted-flange connection under moment and shear•Static bending and shear tests and nonlinear FEA on bolted-flange connection•Effect of flange thicknesses, bolt edge distances, flange edge widths and hole size•Stiffness and strength of connection, bolt tension and contact force were obtained.•Yield bearing capacity obtained by proposed formulas agreed well with test and FEA.
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