This review presents a critical combined energy analysis of demand in developed/developing countries, including the load requirements of the various business sectors. It summarizes on-demand ...time-series, energy supply, overall trade in gas, oil, electricity, coal, and renewable energy (e.g., wind, solar, geothermal, tidal, etc.) as well as global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The duration of the review is selected between the energy supply and demand forecast from 1990 to 2040. Multi-energy approaches include primary energy generation, consumption, gross domestic product (GDP) energy intensity, the total trade balance of crude oil production, production of natural gas, trade balance and use of natural gas, production of lignite and coal, demand for trade in lignite and coal, generation and use of electricity, the share of renewables in power generation, total percentage of solar energy. Geographic coverage covered the global energy demand of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the group of seven (G7), Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS), European Union, Europe, North America, Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Asia, Latin America, Pacific, Middle-East and Africa. Market individuals and cooperative policymakers communicate in a variety of ways: our review and its impact on energy trade, social development, economic and climate change, which is then presented in a deeper way, in the future energy outlook. The findings of the review make it clear that there is a great deal of future global energy demand until 2040 in different situations: new aspects of policymaking, the requirement is about 15% lower in the 450-scenario, and 10% higher in the current energy policy scenario.
•This study contributes to a comprehensive analysis of energy supply and demand forecasts from 1990 to 2040.•It covers the total global energy demand, including developed/developing countries.•It provides a time-series analysis of total trade, oil, electricity, coal, RES, and global CO2 emissions.•The positions of the world’s main energy player will change significantly in 2040.
Microplastic particles are a global concern due to their widespread and growing threat to marine and coastal environments. To improve knowledge of microplastic pollution in China, we investigated 25 ...sediment samples collected with a box corer in the Southern Yellow Sea and East China Sea off the coast of China. The microplastics were extracted from sediments via density separation, after which they were observed under a microscope and characterized according to shape, color, and size, while polymer type identification was performed using micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The abundance of microplastics in the offshore region of the Southern Yellow Sea and East China Sea was mapped. The mean concentration of microplastics at the 25 sites was 13.4 ± 0.6 particles 100 g−1 dry weight (range: 6.0–24.0 particles 100 g−1 dry weight). Based on the categorization according to shape, color, and size, fiber (77%) was the most abundant shape, while blue (35%) and transparent (29%) were the most prevalent colors. In addition, the dominant size of microplastics was smaller than 1000 μm which accounted for 89%. Finally, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, acrylic, polyester, cellulose, and cellophane were the most abundant types of microplastics identified. Our result highlighted the presence of microplastics in offshore sediments from the Yellow Sea and East China Sea, and provided useful information for evaluating the environmental risks posed by microplastics in China.
Display omitted
•Microplastic pollution in offshore sediments from China was reported.•Abundance was correlated with site distance and grain size distribution.•Microplastics <1000 μm were the predominant size, accounting for 89%.•Cellophane and PET were the most common types of microplastic polymers.•This study offers useful data on microplastic pollution in offshore areas of China.
We clarified the state of microplastic particles, as ubiquitous and potentially toxic pollutants, in sediments off the coast of China.
Featuring a combination of ultrathin and lightweight properties, excellent mechanical flexibility, low power‐consumption, and widely tunable saturated emission, flexible displays have opened up a new ...possibility for optoelectronics. The demands for flexible displays are growing on a continual basis due not only to their successful commercialization but, more importantly, their endless possibilities for wearable integrated systems. Up to now, self‐emissive technologies for displays, flexible active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diodes (flex‐AMOLED), flexible quantum dot light‐emitting diodes (flex‐QLEDs), and flexible perovskite light‐emitting diodes (flex‐PeLEDs) have been widely reported, but despite the significant progress made in these technologies, enormous obstacles and challenges remain for the vision of truly wearable applications, in particular with flex‐QLEDs and flex‐PeLEDs. Here, a review of the recent progress of all three self‐emissive technologies for flexible displays is conducted, including the emissive active materials, device structures and approaches to manufacturing, the flexible substrates, and conductive electrodes, as well as the encapsulation techniques. The fast‐paced improvement made to the efficiency of flexible devices in recent years is also summarized. The review concludes by making suggestions on the future development in this area, and is expected to help researchers in gaining a comprehensive understanding about the newly emerging technologies for flexible displays.
The progress of self‐emissive techniques for flexible displays is reviewed, beginning with emitting active materials and device fabrication technologies, followed by flexible substrates, transparent electrodes, and encapsulation, and then the rapid development of the performance of devices.
High-safety and low-cost aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are an exceptionally compelling technology for grid-scale energy storage, whereas the corrosion, hydrogen evolution reaction and dendrite ...growth of Zn anodes hamper their further development, which are derived from the decomposition of active water molecules belonging to Zn2+ solvation structures in electrolytes. In recent years, strategies of regulating Zn2+ solvation shells in electrolytes have been demonstrated to effectively suppress the above-mentioned issues, and fruitful achievements have been made. However, there is a lack of systematic summary on the functional mechanisms and solvation structure evolution of electrolytes or electrolyte additives. Herein, this review gives a comprehensive introduction of the solvation structure regulation strategies based on electrolyte engineering for dendrite-free and side reaction-suppressed ZIBs, including high-concentration electrolytes, deep eutectic solvents, ionic liquids, functional additives, solid-state electrolytes and super-saturated electrolyte layers, particularly an in-depth and fundamental understanding of the effects and mechanisms of electrolyte modification on Zn2+ solvation shells. Furthermore, the general performance metrics of the above-mentioned strategies, potential directions and perspectives for further research are proposed.
High‐color‐purity emissions with small a full‐width at half‐maximum (FWHM) are an ongoing pursuit for high‐resolution displays. Though the flourishment of narrow‐band emissive materials with ...multi‐resonance induced thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) in the blue region, such materials have not validated their potential in other color regions. By amplifying the influence of skeleton and peripheral units, a series of highly efficient green‐emitting MR‐TADF materials are firstly reported. Peripheral units with electron‐deficit properties can significantly narrow the energy gap for bathochromic emission without compromising the color fidelity. MR‐TADF emitters with photo‐luminance quantum yields of above 90 % with FWHMs of ≤25 nm are developed. The corresponding organic light‐emitting diodes show maximum external quantum efficiency/ power efficiency of 22.02 %/ 69.82 lm W−1 with excellent long‐term stability.
By amplifying the influence of the skeleton and peripheral acceptor units, a series of highly efficient green‐emitting MR‐TADF materials were obtained. MR‐TADF emitters with photo‐luminance quantum yields of above 90 % with full width at half maxima of ≤25 nm were realized. The corresponding organic light‐emitting diodes show maximum external quantum efficiency/ power efficiency of 22.02 %/ 69.82 lm W−1 with excellent long‐term stability.
White organic light‐emitting diodes (WOLEDs) with thermally activated delayed fluorophor sensitized fluorescence (TSF) have aroused wide attention, considering their potential for full exciton ...utilization without noble‐metal containing phosphors. However, performances of TSF‐WOLEDs with a single‐emissive‐layer (SEL) still suffer from low exciton utilization and insufficient blue emission for proper white balance. Here, by modulating Förster and Dexter interactions in SEL‐TSF‐WOLEDs, high efficiencies, balanced white spectra, and extended lifetimes are realized simultaneously. Given the different dependencies of Förster and Dexter interactions on intermolecular distances, sterically shielded blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters and orange conventional fluorescent dopants (CFDs) with electronically inert peripheral units are adopted to enlarge distances of electronically active chromophores, not only blocking the Dexter interaction to prevent exciton loss but also finely suppressing the Förster one to guarantee balanced white emission with sufficient blue components. It thus provides the possibility to maximize device performances in a large range of CFD concentrations. A record high maximum external quantum efficiency/power efficiency of 19.6%/52.2 lm W−1, Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage coordinate of (0.33, 0.45), and prolonged half‐lifetime of over 2300 h at an initial luminance of 1000 cd m−2 are realized simultaneously for SEL‐TSF‐WOLEDs, paving the way toward practical applications.
Single‐emissive‐layer all fluorescent white organic light‐emitting diodes yield a record high external quantum efficiency of 19.6%, power efficiency of 52.2 lm W−1, and long half‐lifetime of 2304 h simultaneously, by blending a sterically shielded blue emitter with thermally activated delayed fluorescence and orange conventional fluorescent dopants to modulate exciton interactions.
The broad adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) provides great opportunities to conduct health care research and solve various clinical problems in medicine. With recent advances and success, ...methods based on machine learning and deep learning have become increasingly popular in medical informatics. However, while many research studies utilize temporal structured data on predictive modeling, they typically neglect potentially valuable information in unstructured clinical notes. Integrating heterogeneous data types across EHRs through deep learning techniques may help improve the performance of prediction models.
In this research, we proposed 2 general-purpose multi-modal neural network architectures to enhance patient representation learning by combining sequential unstructured notes with structured data. The proposed fusion models leverage document embeddings for the representation of long clinical note documents and either convolutional neural network or long short-term memory networks to model the sequential clinical notes and temporal signals, and one-hot encoding for static information representation. The concatenated representation is the final patient representation which is used to make predictions.
We evaluate the performance of proposed models on 3 risk prediction tasks (i.e. in-hospital mortality, 30-day hospital readmission, and long length of stay prediction) using derived data from the publicly available Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III dataset. Our results show that by combining unstructured clinical notes with structured data, the proposed models outperform other models that utilize either unstructured notes or structured data only.
The proposed fusion models learn better patient representation by combining structured and unstructured data. Integrating heterogeneous data types across EHRs helps improve the performance of prediction models and reduce errors.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
To solve the poor cycling stability of zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) caused by the growth of zinc (Zn) dendrites, a novel method of separator modification is proposed. Herein, graphene oxide (GO), which ...has many outstanding properties, is applied as a modified material to a glass fiber (GF) separator using a simple vacuum filtration method. A stable and dendrite-free Zn anode can be obtained after 500 cycles in a Zn//Zn symmetrical battery when using a modified separator (GF/GO1), which is mainly owing to the preferential growth of the non-protruding crystal planes of the zinc metal and the uniform nucleation of zinc ions under the action of GO. As proof of concept, full Zn//MnO
2
batteries with a GF/GO1 separator exhibited a high specific capacity of 126 mA h g
−1
at 0.1 A g
−1
, a high energy density of 327.5 W h kg
−1
(power density of 0.517 W kg
−1
), and a high power density of 20.8 kW kg
−1
(energy density of 253.8 W h kg
−1
), demonstrating significant improvements compared with the unmodified GF separator. Meanwhile, ZIBs with a GF/GO1 separator exhibited excellent long-term stability with less than 25% capacity fade over 500 cycles at a current density of 0.5 A g
−1
. ZIBs with a GF separator retain only 37% of their initial capacity after 100 cycles. Furthermore, the GF/GO1 separator can also help to improve the cycle performance and rate performance of lithium metal batteries and to achieve a dendrite-free lithium anode. Full batteries of Li//GF/GO1//LiCoO
2
show improved rate and cycling capabilities. A higher energy density of 537.1 W h kg
−1
at 0.04 kW kg
−1
and higher power density of 1.4 kW kg
−1
at 264.6 W h kg
−1
can be achieved with a GF/GO1 separator, which is better than many Li metal batteries. This modification of the separator provides an effective approach to designing next-generation batteries exhibiting excellent rate and cycling capabilities, and high energy and power densities.
A universal and facile approach using a graphene oxide (GO) modified separator is used to suppress dendrite formation in Zn and Li metal anodes,
via
the preferential growth of non-protruding crystal planes.
Multiple resonance (MR) emitters are promising for highly efficient organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with narrowband emission; however, they still face intractable challenges with ...concentration‐caused emission quenching, exciton annihilation, and spectral broadening. In this study, sterically wrapped MR dopants with a fluorescent MR core sandwiched by bulk substituents were developed to address the intractable challenges by reducing intermolecular interactions. Consequently, high photo‐luminance quantum yields of ≥90 % and small full width at half maximums (FWHMs) of ≤25 nm over a wide range of dopant concentrations (1–20 wt %) were recorded. In addition, we demonstrated that the sandwiched MR emitter can effectively suppress Dexter interaction when doped in a thermally activated delayed fluorescence sensitizer, eliminating exciton loss through dopant triplet. Within the above dopant concentration range, the optimal emitter realizes remarkably high maximum external quantum efficiencies of 36.3–37.2 %, identical small FWHMs of 24 nm, and alleviated efficiency roll‐offs in OLEDs.
Sterically wrapped multiple resonance (MR) dopants with the MR‐core sandwiched by bulk substituents have been developed to suppress molecular interactions, realizing organic light‐emitting diodes with remarkably high maximum external quantum efficiencies of 36.3–37.2 %, identical small FWHMs of 24 nm and alleviated efficiency roll‐offs over a wide range of dopant concentrations (1–20 wt %).
One seemingly fundamental issue for electron-transporting materials (ETMs) in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is the mutual exclusion of a high electron-transporting mobility (μ e) and a large ...molecular triplet energy for good exciton confinement. Very recently, a trade-off was realized by adopting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) derivatives as bipolar ETMs. Though the intrinsic low triplet energy of PAH moieties, good exciton confinement abilities are realized by manipulating the peripheral groups, integrating large μ e values and long-term stabilities simultaneously. The resulting state-of-the-art OLED performances manifest the bright future of such ETMs. This Perspective summarizes the theoretical and experimental work relating to the relationship between the molecular structure of PAH-type ETMs and their electronic properties, focusing on charge transfer and exciton confinement abilities; the Perspective concludes by providing a vision of future developments in this field.
PDF
