As artificial intelligence (AI) transitions from research to deployment, creating the appropriate datasets and data pipelines to develop and evaluate AI models is increasingly the biggest challenge. ...Automated AI model builders that are publicly available can now achieve top performance in many applications. In contrast, the design and sculpting of the data used to develop AI often rely on bespoke manual work, and they critically affect the trustworthiness of the model. This Perspective discusses key considerations for each stage of the data-for-AI pipeline—starting from data design to data sculpting (for example, cleaning, valuation and annotation) and data evaluation—to make AI more reliable. We highlight technical advances that help to make the data-for-AI pipeline more scalable and rigorous. Furthermore, we discuss how recent data regulations and policies can impact AI.It has become rapidly clear in the past few years that the creation, use and maintenance of high-quality annotated datasets for robust and reliable AI applications requires careful attention. This Perspective discusses challenges, considerations and best practices for various stages in the data-to-AI pipeline, to encourage a more data-centric approach.
Summary
Depression is the leading cause of disability around the world, but little is known about its pathology. Currently, the diagnosis of depression is made based on clinical manifestations, with ...little objective evidence. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to investigate the pathological changes in brain anatomy associated with this disorder. MRI can identify structural alterations in depressive patients in vivo, which could make considerable contributions to clinical diagnosis and treatment. Numerous studies that focused on gray and white matter have found significant brain region alterations in major depressive disorder patients, such as in the frontal lobe, hippocampus, temporal lobe, thalamus, striatum, and amygdala. The results are inconsistent and controversial because of the different demographic and clinical characteristics. However, some regions overlapped; thus, we think that there may be a “hub” in MDD and that an impairment in these regions contributes to disease severity. Brain connections contain both structural connections and functional connections, which reflect disease from a different view and support that MDD may be caused by the interaction of multiple brain regions. According to previous reports, significant circuits include the frontal‐subcortical circuit, the suicide circuit, and the reward circuit. As has been recognized, the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder is complex and changeable. The current review focuses on the significant alterations in the gray and white matter of patients with the depressive disorder to generate a better understanding of the circuits. Moreover, identifying the nuances of depressive disorder and finding a biomarker will make a significant contribution to the guidance of clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Biosafety is the primary concern in clinical translation of nanomedicine. As an intrinsic ingredient of human blood without immunogenicity and encouraged by its successful clinical application in ...Abraxane, albumin has been regarded as a promising material to produce nanoparticles for bioimaging and drug delivery. The strategies for synthesizing albumin-based nanoparticles could be generally categorized into five classes: template, nanocarrier, scaffold, stabilizer and albumin-polymer conjugate. This review introduces approaches utilizing albumin in the preparation of nanoparticles and thereby provides scientists with knowledge of goal-driven design on albumin-based nanomedicine.
A rhodium(III)‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of benzyl thioethers and aryl carboxylic acids through the two directing groups is reported. Useful structures with diverse substituents were efficiently ...synthesized in one step with the cleavage of four bonds (CH, CS, OH) and the formation of two bonds (CC, CO). The formed structure is the privileged core in natural products and bioactive molecules. This work highlights the power of using two different directing groups to enhance the selectivity of a double CH activation, the first of such examples in cross‐oxidative coupling.
Double crossed! Reported is the rhodium(III)‐catalyzed double CH cross‐coupling of benzyl thioethers and carboxylic acids. Two directing groups (DGs) are used to enhance the selectivity of the double CH activation. One DG becomes part of the product and the other is removed in situ.
During June–July 2020, the record‐breaking flooding in the recent four decades struck the plum rain belt over China, Japan, and Korea. Concurrent with this persistent heavy rainfall, pronounced ...Indian Ocean basin warming (IOBW) was observed, following the previous El Niño event in the transition to La Niña‐like mean state this summer. This tropical Indo‐Pacific large‐scale thermal condition provided favorable conditions for rainfall surpluses over the plum rain belt via the western North Pacific anticyclone. Superimposed on the tropical Indo‐Pacific large‐scale thermal condition, an extraordinary long‐lasting and quasistationary Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) active phase persisted in the Indian Ocean throughout June–July 2020, lasting for 59 days. The MJO‐associated teleconnection was mainly responsible for the extreme rainfall over the plum rain belt, which was facilitated by the conducive large‐scale Indo‐Pacific oceanic‐atmospheric condition.
Plain Language Summary
The East Asian rainy season (commonly called the plum rain, also known as Meiyu in China, Baiu in Japan, and Jangma in Korea), is caused by rainfall along a persistent stationary front. The plum rain season usually starts in June and persists into the middle of July. During June–July 2020, the region of the plum rain belt over China, Japan, and Korea, was ravaged by the strongest flooding in decades with catastrophic losses. The physical mechanisms driving this extreme flooding remains unclear. Concurrent with this persistent rainfall surpluses, the Indo‐Pacific oceans featured a developing La Niña‐like state in the eastern tropical Pacific and pronounced sea surface temperature warming in the Indian Ocean basin. Although these Indo‐Pacific thermal conditions can provide a favorable large‐scale background for the rainfall surpluses over East Asia, they cannot explain the extreme rainfall amount over the plum rain belt during 2020. We show that an exceptionally long‐lasting and quasistationary Madden‐Julian Oscillation activity over the Indian Ocean was the key reason for this extreme event.
Key Points
The rainfall amount over the East Asian plum‐rain belt during summer 2020 was the largest in the recent four decades
The intense flooding coincided with an exceptionally persistent Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) active phase in the Indian Ocean throughout June and July
This extraordinary MJO activity was facilitated by the conducive pantropic background oceanic‐atmospheric conditions
In vivo mineralization is a multistep process involving mineral‐protein complexes and various metastable compounds in vertebrates. In this complex process, the minerals produced in the mitochondrial ...matrix play a critical role in initiating extracellular mineralization. However, the functional mechanisms of the mitochondrial minerals are still a mystery. Herein, an in vitro enzymatic reaction strategy is reported for the generation of biomimic amorphous calcium phosphate (EACP) nanominerals by an alkaline phosphatase (ALP)‐catalyzed hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a weakly alkalescent aqueous condition (pH 8.0–8.5), which is partially similar to the mitochondrial environment. Significantly, the EACP nanomineral obviously promotes autophagy and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells by activating an AMPK related pathway, and displays a high performance in promoting bone regeneration. These results provide in vitro evidence for the effect of ATP on the formation and stabilization of the mineral in the mineralization process, demonstrating a potential strategy for the preparation of the biomimic mineral for treating bone related diseases.
Biomimic amorphous calcium phosphate (EACP) nanominerals are synthesized by an in vitro enzymatic reaction strategy, which promotes the autophagy and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells by activating an AMPK related pathway and displays a high performance in promoting bone regeneration.
While the prominent influence of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the Indian Ocean Oscillation (IOD) is widely recognized, intricate relationships between them are often invoked that introduce ...challenges into seasonal predictions. Previous studies have shown that different flavors of El Niño exhibit distinct associations with the IOD. In this study, we demonstrate that La Niña's teleconnection to the IOD is primarily controlled by its longitudinal position. Westward‐displaced La Niña events tend to produce stronger negative convection anomalies in the central Pacific and more pronounced Walk Circulation anomalies, thereby triggering strong negative IOD events. In contrast, eastward‐displaced La Niña events are usually accompanied by feeble convection response due to the excessively cold conditions in the cold tongue, yielding insignificant IOD response. The pivotal role of La Niña's longitudinal position on the IOD's response is realistically reproduced by targeted pacemaker experiments, providing new insights into inter‐basin climate connections.
Plain Language Summary
The tropical Indian Ocean usually witnesses a dipolar pattern of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, which is commonly referred to as the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The IOD phenomenon has received much attention due to its profound global impacts, yet its seasonal prediction remains a large challenge for the climate community. The year‐to‐year variability of IOD has usually been linked to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the predominant interannual climate variability in the tropical Pacific. The relationship between El Niño (i.e., warm phase of ENSO) and the intensity of IOD has been demonstrated in previous studies, which is shown to be dependent on the different El Niño flavors. In this study, we show that the longitudinal position of negative SST anomalies during La Niña events (i.e., cold phase of ENSO) in shaping their connection with IOD. Different from westward‐displaced La Niña events that can drive robust negative IOD events, eastward‐displaced La Niña events do not yield significant IOD anomalies due to the excessively cold conditions prevalent in the eastern Pacific cold tongue region. We highlight the importance of La Niña's longitudinal position in its teleconnection to other ocean basins and the associated regional climate anomalies.
Key Points
The La Niña's regulation of Indian Ocean Oscillation (IOD) mainly depends on the La Niña longitudinal position
The westward‐displaced La Niña events produce significant Walker Circulation anomalies, triggering robust negative IOD event
The importance of La Niña longitudinal position on the IOD's response can be evidenced by the targeted pacemaker experiments
Here we show that the characteristics of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), such as its power spectrum and phase relationship with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), can be succinctly explained by ...ENSO combination mode (C‐mode) wind and heat flux forcing together with a seasonal modulation of the air/sea coupled Indian Ocean (IO) Bjerknes feedback. This model explains the observed high‐frequency near‐annual IOD variability in terms of deterministic ENSO/annual cycle interactions. ENSO‐independent IOD events can be understood as a seasonally modulated ocean response to white noise atmospheric forcing. Under this new physical null hypothesis framework, IOD predictability is determined by both ENSO predictability and the ENSO signal‐to‐noise ratio. We further emphasize that lead/lag correlations between different climate variables are easily misinterpreted when not accounting properly for the seasonal modulation of the underlying climate phenomena.
Key Points
A physical null hypothesis for the IOD is presented
A simple low‐order model captures the IOD spectrum and ENSO/IOD phase relationship
IOD predictability is determined by ENSO predictability and ENSO signal‐to‐noise ratio
Summary
Haploidentical allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo‐HSCT) is a significant alternative treatment for severe aplastic anaemia (SAA). To improve this process by modifying ...the risk stratification system, we conducted a retrospective study using our database. 432 SAA patients who received haplo‐HSCT between 2006 and 2020 were enrolled. These patients were divided into a training (n = 288) and a validation (n = 144) subset randomly. In the training cohort, longer time from diagnosis to transplantation, poorer Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) status and higher haematopoietic cell transplantation‐specific comorbidity index (HCT‐CI) score were independent risk factors for worse treatment‐related mortality (TRM) in the final multivariable model. The haplo‐HSCT scoring system was developed by these three parameters. Three‐year TRM after haplo‐HSCT were 6% 95% confidence interval (CI), 1–21%, 21% (95% CI, 7–40%), and 47% (95% CI, 20–70%) for the low‐, intermediate‐, and high‐risk group, respectively (P < 0·0001). In the validation cohort, the haplo‐HSCT scoring system also separated patients into three risk groups with increasing risk of TRM: intermediate‐risk hazard ratio (HR) 2·45, 95% CI, 0·92–6·53 and high‐risk (HR 11·74, 95% CI, 3·07–44·89) compared with the low‐risk group (P = 0·001). In conclusion, the haplo‐HSCT scoring system could effectively predict TRM after transplantation.
The aldo‐keto reductases family 1 member C2 (AKR1C2) has critical roles in the tumorigenesis and progression of malignant tumours. However, it was also discovered to have ambiguous functions in ...multiple cancers and till present, its clinical significance and molecular mechanism in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has been unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the role of AKR1C2 in the tumorigenesis of ESCC. Here, we showed that AKR1C2 expression was found to be up‐regulated in ESCC tissues and was significantly associated with pathological stage, lymph node metastasis and worse outcomes. Functional assays demonstrated that an ectopic expression of AKR1C2 in ESCC cells resulted in increased proliferation, migration and cisplatin resistance, while knockdown led to inversing effects. Bioinformation analyses and mechanistic studies demonstrated that AKR1C2 activated the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, furthermore, the inhibitor of PI3K or the selective inhibitor of AKR1C2 enzyme activity could reverse the aggressiveness and showed synergistic antitumour effect when combined with cisplatin, both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, Our findings revealed that AKR1C2 could function as an oncogene by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway, as a novel prognostic biomarker and/or as a potential therapeutic target to ESCC.
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