The hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane with inner skin was prepared by controlling the external coagulation condition from one or two polymer dopes with dual or triple-orifice spinneret. It was ...successfully used for the treatment of the wastewater from banknote printing works after characterizing the foulant and finding a suitable cleaning method, for the preparation of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) with high Alb content and the synthesis of nanosized BaSO
4 and CaCO
3 particles by a membrane reactor.
The scientific diagnosis and treatment of patients with diabetes require frequent blood glucose testing and insulin delivery to normoglycemia. Therefore, an artificial pancreas with a continuous ...blood glucose (BG) monitoring function is an urgent research target in the medical industry. The problem of closed-loop algorithmic control of the BG with a time delay is a key and difficult issue that needs to be overcome in the development of an artificial pancreas. Firstly, the composition, structure, and control characteristics of the artificial pancreas are introduced. Subsequently, the research progress of artificial pancreas control algorithms is reviewed, and the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of proportional-integral-differential control, model predictive control, and artificial intelligence control are compared and analyzed to determine whether they are suitable for the practical application of the artificial pancreas. Additionally, key advancements in areas such as blood glucose data monitoring, adaptive models, wearable devices, and fully automated artificial pancreas systems are also reviewed. Finally, this review highlights that meal prediction, control safety, integration, streamlining the optimization of control algorithms, constant temperature preservation of insulin, and dual-hormone artificial pancreas are issues that require further attention in the future.
Graphical abstract
An Excellent Diabetes Treatment: Insulin Pump System
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•MCM-41 combined with ZIF-8 to form MCM-41@ZIF-8 hybrid particles.•Hierarchical membrane surface constructed by double-scaled particles.•Hydrophobicity of PDMS hybrid membrane was ...improved.•High permeate flux was obtained in the separation of alcohol/water mixtures.
In the alcohol permselective pervaporation process, the hydrophobicity of the membrane usually plays an important role. The microstructure of membrane surface has significant influence on its hydrophobicity. In this study, a MCM-41@ZIF-8/PDMS hybrid membrane with micro- and nanoscaled hierarchical structure was prepared. ZIF-8 nanocrystal in situ grew on the surface of microscaled MCM-41 to fabricate MCM-41@ZIF-8 hybrid particles. These hybrid particles were modified by hydrophobic silane coupling agent to become superhydrophobic, and dispersed in PDMS matrix to form a composite membrane. The hydrophobicity of MCM-41@ZIF-8/PDMS membrane improved because of its hierarchical structure. The alcohol affinity of the membrane was thus enhanced. Moreover, owing to the porosity of MCM-41 and ZIF-8 particles, the flux of the hybrid membrane was significantly improved. The prepared MCM-41@ZIF-8/PDMS hybrid membranes exhibited a relative high flux (2201g/m2h) with a separation factor of 10.4 in the separation of 5.0wt% ethanol/water mixtures. In addition, these membranes can also be used in separating n-butanol/water mixtures with excellent separation performance. Therefore, the membrane is expected to have potential application in alcohol permselective pervaporation.
Microporous membranes were produced from biaxial orientation of polymer blends comprising polypropylene (PP), polyamide 6 (Nylon 6), and polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride (PPgMA). During biaxial ...orientation, the continuous PP domains cavitated while the dispersed Nylon 6 domains remained rigid and spherical. The effect of blend composition on cavitation was analyzed and a ternary diagram generated to identify the composition range for through-pore formation. The effects of draw ratio and initial film thickness on membrane properties were also studied. The membranes were found to have adjustable porosity up to 62% with nanoscale size pores. The filtration performance was evaluated on such membranes with varied thickness. The membranes showed very high filtration efficiency on separating 50 nm Latex microbeads from water suspensions.
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•Membranes with over 50% porosity were produced by biaxial stretching of PP/Nylon 6 blends.•Composition range of the blend membranes yielding through-pore structure were identified.•The blend membranes demonstrated high filtration efficiency for 100 nm Latex microbeads.
•Array micro-holes in PDMS film are manufactured by 355 nm nanosecond laser micro-drilling.•Heat-induced carbonization is an inner mechanism of PDMS laser micro-drilling.•Effect of drilling ...parameters on hole quality (diameter, roundness, and HAZ) is analyzed.•Tensile limit of flexible electrode is improved from 16 % to 38 %.
The preparation of micro-holes through flexible substrate is an effective method for improving stretchability of flexible electronics. Quantitative fabrication of micro-holes on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film was achieved by using the 355 nm nanosecond laser. An Orthogonal experiment with 3-factors and 5-levels was designed to discuss the influence of processing parameters (pulse repetition frequency, drilling speed, and drilling times) on the quality of micro-holes from the view of diameter, roundness, and heat-affected zone (HAZ). It was found that heat-induced carbonization is an inner mechanism during the nanosecond laser micro-drilling process of PDMS. The optimal combination of processing parameters was obtained, the pulse repetition frequency was 180 kHz, the drilling speed was 0.015 mm/min, and the drilling times was 75. While the smallest micro-hole diameter (29.6 ± 3.4 μm) and HAZ (8.4 ± 2.7 μm) were obtained, the best micro-hole roundness (1.7 ± 0.6 μm) was achieved. The tensile limit of flexible electrode prepared with the array micro-hole PDMS (diameter 29.6 ± 3.4 μm, center distance 60 μm) was increased from 16% to 38%, compared with that being prepared with the planar PDMS.
•Mortality of severe acute pancreatitis is up to 50% lack of early diagnosis.•Detection of PCT, CRP, IL-6 and LDH was low costs, high reproducibility.•A worthful approach might be to use a ...combination of serum PCT, CRP, IL-6 and LDH in severe Acute Pancreatitis.
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease with rapid progression. In severe cases, it can cause systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), multiple organ failure (POF) and even death. The study aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in patients with severe AP.
AP patients (n = 153) divided into mild AP patients (n = 81) and severe AP patients (n = 72) were selected from June 2014 to June 2016. The demographic information (age, sex) and the hematological parameters (WBC, PLT, CRP, PCT, IL-6, LDH and so on) were analyzed.
Significant differences were found out of CRP, PCT, IL-6 and LDH values between AP patients and controls (P < 0.05), even those results had significant difference between MAP group and SAP group (P < 0.05). In SAP group, the cut-off values of CRP, PCT, IL-6 and LDH were 16.62, 2.29, 16.66, 273.04; sensitivity 55.6%, 77.8%, 80.2%, 82.7%; specificity 73%, 94%, 85%, 96% and AUC 0.637, 0.929, 0.886, 0.919, respectively. The AUC of combined detection of CRP, PCT, IL-6 and LDH was 0.989 (95%CI).
The combined detection of CRP, PCT, IL-6 and LDH has a high diagnostic value for judging the severity of AP.
Pirfenidone is an antifibrotic agent that has been proven to slow down the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). This study aimed to characterize the population pharmacokinetics (PK) ...and exposure-efficacy analysis of pirfenidone in patients with IPF.
Data from 10 hospitals with 106 patients were used to develop a population PK model. The annual decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) over 52 weeks was integrated with pirfenidone plasma concentration to characterize the exposure-efficacy relationship.
A linear one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination processes and lag time best described the pirfenidone PK. The population estimates of clearance and central volume of distribution at steady-state were 13.37 L/h and 53.62 L, respectively. Bodyweight and food were statistically correlated with PK variability but had no significant influence on pirfenidone exposure. Annual decline in FVC with pirfenidone plasma concentration was described by a maximum drug effect (E
) model. The typical EC
was 1.73 mg/L (1.18-2.31 mg/L) and the corresponding EC
was 2.18 mg/L (1.49-2.87 mg/L). Simulations showed that two dosing regimens of 500 and 600 mg three times daily were predicted to generate 80% of the E
.
In patients with IPF, covariates such as bodyweight and food might not be sufficient for dose adjustment, and a low dose of 1500 mg/day could also provide 80% of the E
, as the standard dose (1800 mg/day).
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•The laser-induced lithops-like microstructures were prepared on titanium alloy.•The formation mechanism of lithops-like microstructures was investigated.•These microstructures showed ...ultralow reflectivity in broad bands and directions.•The anti-reflection mechanism of lithops-like microstructures was explained.
Micro-nanostructures on metal surfaces have received significant attention due to their widespread applications. Although ultrafast laser processing was a feasible method to fabricate micro-nanostructures, some issues involving the formation and application of novel micro-nanostructures still exist. Here, we proposed the unique lithops-like microstructures on titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) by ultraviolet picosecond (UV-ps) laser treatment. These structures were either separate tomb-like bumps or bump clusters consisting of several interconnected bumps, which were similar in appearance to lithops. Due to nanoparticle deposition, these bumps were also covered with nanostructures. Titanium alloy was oxidized to form Ti2O3 and TiO2 during treatment. The formation of lithops-like microstructures involved the laser-induced physical/chemical processes of melting, flowing, vaporization, oxidation, solidification, and deposition of material. As laser energy increased, the smooth surface gradually evolved into lithops-like microstructures under the synergistic effects of electromagnetic interference, the Marangoni effect, preferential valley ablation, and thermal effects. By combining geometric light trapping within microstructures with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption within nanostructures, these structures exhibited ultra-low reflectivity (0.02%∼2.31%) in the ultraviolet–visible-near-infrared band (200 ∼ 2500 nm). They also showed ultra-low reflectance (<3%) over a wide range of incidence angles (5°∼70°). The anti-reflection properties of lithops-like microstructures were superior to those of some typical micro-nanostructures.
CFRP plates are important advanced material used in the aerospace field, high-quality and high-efficiency drilling is the main application processing demand of CFRP. In this paper, a 532 nm ...nanosecond fiber laser with adjustable pulse duration is used and the scanning path was planned as Z-direction up-bottom incremental cutting, and X-Y direction concentric circle cutting scanning mode to realize the CFRP plates hole drilling, and obtain high drilling performance. The mechanisms of material removal for CFRP plates hole drilling under 532 nm nanosecond laser is explored, and it is mainly attributed to thermal evaporation accompanied by certain heating carbonization. The results show that a narrow width of HAZ can be obtained with short pulse duration, the minimum value of HAZ width at hole entrance edge is 18.74 µm, and the matrix material damage near the HAZ becomes small. Reducing the pulse duration also helps to decrease the drilling taper (minimum taper value 0.046), the taper of the drilling hole is smaller than that of the drilling dicing. But the drilling efficiency is reduced due to the low pulse energy with short pulse duration.
The geometric errors have a significant effect on the machining accuracy of multi-axis machine tool. Because of their complex inter-coupling, the process to control these geometric errors and then to ...improve the machining accuracy on this basis is recognized as a difficult problem. This paper proposes a method based on the product of exponential (POE) screw theory and Morris approach for volumetric machining accuracy global sensitivity analysis of a machine tool. When a five-axis machine tool is chosen as an example, there are five screws to represent the six basic error components of each axis (in an original way) according to the geometric definition of the errors and screws. This type of POE model is precise and succinct enough to express the relation of each of the components as the Morris method is based on the elementary effect (EE). The method can compare incidence of these errors and be used to describe the nonlinear relationship by less calculated amount in a global system. Based on the POE modelling, the Morris method is adopted to identify the key geometric errors which have a greater influence on the machining accuracy by global sensitivity analysis. Finally, according to the results obtained from analysis, suggestions, and guidelines are provided to adjust and modify the machine tool components to improve the machining accuracy economically.
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