Abstract
The Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy (LEIA), a pathfinder of the Wide-field X-ray Telescope of the Einstein Probe mission, was successfully launched onboard the SATech-01 satellite of the ...Chinese Academy of Sciences on 2022 July 27. In this paper, we introduce the design and on-ground test results of the LEIA instrument. Using state-of-the-art Micro-Pore Optics (MPO), a wide field of view of 346 square degrees (18.°6 × 18.°6) of the X-ray imager is realized. An optical assembly composed of 36 MPO chips is used to focus incident X-ray photons, and four large-format complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensors, each of size 6 cm × 6 cm, are used as the focal plane detectors. The instrument has an angular resolution of 4′–8′ (in terms of FWHM) for the central focal spot of the point-spread function, and an effective area of 2–3 cm
2
at 1 keV in essentially all the directions within the field of view. The detection passband is 0.5–4 keV in soft X-rays and the sensitivity is 2–3 × 10
−11
erg s
−1
cm
−2
(about 1 milliCrab) with a 1000 s observation. The total weight of LEIA is 56 kg and the power is 85 W. The satellite, with a design lifetime of 2 yr, operates in a Sun-synchronous orbit of 500 km with an orbital period of 95 minutes. LEIA is paving the way for future missions by verifying in flight the technologies of both novel focusing imaging optics and CMOS sensors for X-ray observation, and by optimizing the working setups of the instrumental parameters. In addition, LEIA is able to carry out scientific observations to find new transients and to monitor known sources in the soft X-ray band, albeit with limited useful observing time available.
The study reported and analyzed the current state of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in urban China from the perspective of treatment technologies, pollutant removals, operating load and effluent ...discharge standards. By the end of 2013, 3508 WWTPs have been built in 31 provinces and cities in China with a total treatment capacity of 1.48×108m3/d. The uneven population distribution between China's east and west regions has resulted in notably different economic development outcomes. The technologies mostly used in WWTPs are AAO and oxidation ditch, which account for over 50% of the existing WWTPs. According to statistics, the efficiencies of COD and NH3–N removal are good in 656 WWTPs in 70 cities. The overall average COD removal is over 88% with few regional differences. The average removal efficiency of NH3–N is up to 80%. Large differences exist between the operating loads applied in different WWTPs. The average operating loading rate is approximately 83%, and 52% of WWTPs operate at loadings of <80%, treating up to 40% of the wastewater generated. The implementation of discharge standards has been low. Approximately 28% of WWTPs that achieved the Grade I-A Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB 18918–2002) were constructed after 2010. The sludge treatment and recycling rates are only 25%, and approximately 15% of wastewater is inefficiently treated. Approximately 60% of WWTPs have capacities of 1×104m3/d–5×104m3/d. Relatively high energy consumption is required for small-scale processing, and the utilization rate of recycled wastewater is low. The challenges of WWTPs are discussed with the aim of developing rational criteria and appropriate technologies for water recycling. Suggestions regarding potential technical and administrative measures are provided.
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•3508 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were summarized.•Population distribution and economic development caused regional difference of WWTPs.•Pollutant removal, operating load, discharge standards in 7 regions were presented.•Suggestions regarding potential technical and administrative measures were provided.
Summary
What is known and objectives
Tacrolimus (TAC) is widely used as part of immunosuppressive regimens. There is great interindividual variation on the disposition of TAC. The aim of this study ...was to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model for Chinese liver transplant patients and evaluate genetic polymorphism and other possible factors on the PK parameters. The exposure of TAC is to be estimated through Bayesian modelling.
Methods
A total of 47 sets of rich‐time PK and 1234 conventional therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) data were collected from 125 Chinese liver transplant patients. The pathophysiological data of these patients were recorded. CYP3A5*3 and ABCB1 genotypes were determined for each patient. The PPK model for TAC was established by nonlinear mixed‐effects modelling (nonmem). The impact of pathophysiology and genotype on PPK parameters was evaluated. Bayesian estimators for the area under concentration‐time curve (AUC) of TAC were validated.
Results
A two‐compartment model with lag time was found to be the most suitable model for the pooled full PK and TDM data for Chinese liver transplant patients. The CL/F, V2/F, Q/F, V3/F, Ka and lag time were 17.4±0.81 L/h, 165±44.1 L, 54.9±25.8L/h, 594±87.5 L, 0.51±0.095 L/h and 1.57±0.34 h. Post‐operative day (POD), creatinine clearance (CLcr) and ABCB1 C3435T genotypes were found to have significant influences on CL/F (P<.01). ABCB1 C3435T genotypes showed a significant correlation with V2/F (P<.01). C0–C2 and C0–C2–C4 were shown to be suitable for the estimation of AUC in Chinese liver transplant patients.
What is new and conclusion
A PPK model for TAC was established successfully in Chinese liver transplant patients. POD, CLcr and ABCB1 C3435T genotypes were shown to have significant effects on CL/F. The AUC of TAC in Chinese liver transplant patients could be estimated through Bayesian modelling, based on which individualized immunosuppressive regimens can be designed.
Visual predictive check based on the final model in patients with ABCB1 CC (A), CT (B) and TT (C) genotypes. A population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model for tacrolimus (TAC) was established successfully based on 47 sets of rich time PK and 1234 conventional therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) data Chinese liver transplant patients. ABCB1 C3435T genotypes were shown to have significant effects on CL/F. The area under concentration‐time curve (AUC) of TAC in Chinese liver‐transplant patients could be estimated through Bayesian modelling, based on which individualized immunosuppressive regimens can be designed.
Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) could be used to recover low-grade waste heat. When a vehicle is running, the engine exhaust gas states have a wide range of variance. Defining the operational conditions ...of the ORC that achieve the maximum utilization of waste heat is important. In this paper the performance of different working fluids operating in specific regions was analyzed using a thermodynamic model built in Matlab together with REFPROP. Nine different pure organic working fluids were selected according to their physical and chemical properties. The results were compared in the regions when net power outputs were fixed at 10
kW. Safety levels and environmental impacts were also evaluated. The outcomes indicate that R11, R141b, R113 and R123 manifest slightly higher thermodynamic performances than the others; however, R245fa and R245ca are the most environment-friendly working fluids for engine waste heat-recovery applications. The optimal control principle of ORC under the transient process is discussed based on the analytical results.
► R11, R141b, R113 and R123 manifest the best thermodynamic performances. ► R245fa and R245ca are the most environment-friendly working fluids for the engine waste heat-recovery application. ► The condensing temperature has more important effect than the evaporating pressure to the performance of ORC. ► The optimal control principle of ORC under the transient process was defined according to the calculation results for the vehicle engine waste heat-recovery application. ► ORC thermodynamic model was built in Matlab together with REFPROP.
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•Two amino acid derivatives (MPT and BPT) were tested as green inhibitors for carbon steel in CO2-saturated formation water.•MPT and BPT exhibit fairly high inhibition efficiency and ...stability of corrosion inhibition.•Both MPT and BPT act as mixed-type inhibitors for carbon steel in the test solution.•The adsorption of MPT and BPT on carbon steel surface follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.•Theoretical calculations were performed to in-depth explore the adsorption mechanism of MPT and BPT.
Amino acids are the promising biomolecules as eco-friendly inhibitors for the corrosion protection of materials. In this work, two amino acid derivatives (MPT and BPT) were synthesized as green inhibitors, and their corrosion inhibition performance for N80 carbon steel in CO2-saturated formation water was studied by electrochemical tests and surface analysis. It is found that both MPT and BPT exhibit outstanding inhibitive effect (inhibition efficiency of 99.26 % for MPT and 99.44 % for BPT), which is significantly higher than those already reported amino acid derivative inhibitors. The inhibition mechanism of MPT and BPT was also revealed by theoretical calculations.
This study was design to examine the diagnostic performance of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type II collagen (CTX-II), and matrix ...metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) as biomarker for knee and hip OA.
Systematic search on multiple databases was completed in January 2018 using certain keywords. COMP, CTX-II, MMP-3 levels in knee and hip OA patients and healthy individuals were collected and calculated. Differences between subgroups were expressed as standardized mean differences (SMD). Subgroup analyses were performed to compare COMP, CTX-II, and MMP-3 performance between measuring sources, genders, large and small sample size and diagnostic criteria for OA patients.
A moderate performance of COMP in distinguishing between knee (SMD: 0.68; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.43–0.93; P < 0.0001) or hip (SMD: 0.25; 95% CI, 0.10, 0.40; P = 0.0008) OA patients and controls were found. CTX-II showed a moderated standardised mean differences (SMD) of 0.48 (95% CI, 0.32, 0.64; P < 0.0001) in the detection of knee OA and a large SMD of 0.76 (95% CI, 0.09, 1.42; P = 0.03) in diagnosing hip OA. A small SMD of 0.32 (95% CI, −0.03, 0.67; P = 0.07) was found for MMP-3 performance and the results did not reach statistic significance. Progression study revealed potential effectiveness of serum COMP in predicting OA progression. Subgroup analysis showed that serum COMP and urinary CTX-II performed better in male than female. Study size and diagnostic criteria did not significantly influence the pooled SMD, but they might be the sources of heterogeneity among studies.
The overall results indicates that serum COMP and urinary CTX-II can distinguish between knee or hip OA patients and control subjects. Serum COMP is effective in predicting OA progression.Further researches with rigorous study design and a larger sample size are required to validate our findings.
The rock breaking mechanism is significantly affected by the joints in the rock mass. With the purpose to study the influence of joint characteristic parameters on cutting force and penetration, ...experimental explorations that contain miniature cutter head with double cutters are conducted in this paper on the basis of Rolling Indentation Abrasion Test (RIAT). In the present research, prefabricated joints of different forms are made in the rock samples. The experimental conclusions indicate that the optimal angle between horizontal and joint plane is equal to 30° for rock breaking process. In detail, the minimum thrust and the maximum penetration, which are related to the rock chipping angle for different joint orientations, are obtained at the optimal angle. Meanwhile, the improved theoretical formulas which are suitable for both intact and jointed rock are proposed. Besides, the change of thrust with penetration can be divided into four stages, which are the loading, starting, boring and stripping stages. Through simulating the rock breaking process by the rock rolling boring experimental method, this study measures the thrust, torque, penetration on the disc cutter, and reveals the influences of joint orientation and spacing on cutting forces and penetration. Furthermore, the penetration variation is summarized and the results are in good agreement with the field observation and numerical simulation results.
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•Two chitosan derivatives (CS-1 and CS-2) were developed as eco-friendly inhibitors.•Both CS-1 and CS-2 act as mixed-type inhibitors for mild steel in acidic solution.•Their ...adsorption on mild steel surface follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.•CS-2 exhibit much higher inhibition effect than those reported chitosan inhibitors.•The theoretical calculations reveal the adsorption mechanism of CS-1 and CS-2.
Chitosan is a promising biopolymer to be used as environmentally friendly materials for corrosion protection. In this work, two novel chitosan derivatives (CS-1 and CS-2) were synthesized as eco-friendly inhibitors and their inhibitive performances for the corrosion of Q235 mild steel in 1 M HCl solution were evaluated by electrochemical measurements and surface characterization. It is found that the inhibition efficiency of CS-2 reaches 98.0 % with the concentration of 150 mg/L, which is much higher than those already reported chitosan derivatives. The relationship between the structures and high inhibition effect of the developed chitosan derivatives is revealed by theoretical calculations.
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