(
) belongs to Gymnospermae, which are fast-growing and have desirable wood properties. However,
's stress resistance is little understood. To unravel the physiological and molecular regulation ...mechanisms under environmental stresses in the typical gymnosperm species of
, three-year-old plants were exposed to simulated drought stress (polyethylene glycol 8000), salicylic acid, and cold treatment at 4 °C for 8 h, 32 h, and 56 h, respectively. Regarding the physiological traits, we observed a decreased protein content and increased peroxidase upon salicylic acid and polyethylene glycol treatment. Superoxide dismutase activity either decreased or increased at first and then returned to normal under the stresses. Regarding the molecular regulation, we used both nanopore direct RNA sequencing and short-read sequencing to reveal a total of 5646 differentially expressed genes in response to different stresses, of which most had functions in lignin catabolism, pectin catabolism, and xylan metabolism, indicating that the development of stem-differentiating xylem was affected upon stress treatment. Finally, we identified a total of 51 AP2/ERF, 29 NAC, and 37 WRKY transcript factors in
. The expression of most of the NAC TFs increased under cold stress, and the expression of most of the WRKY TFs increased under cold and SA stress. These results revealed the transcriptomics responses in
to short-term stresses under this study's experimental conditions and provide preliminary clues about stem-differentiating xylem changes associated with different stresses.
Compression wood (CW) in gymnosperm brings great difficulties to wood industry using wood as raw materials since CW presents special wood structure and have different physical and chemical properties ...from those of normal wood (NW). Chinese fir (
) is widely distributed in China. However, global transcriptome profiling of coding and long non-coding RNA in response to compression stress has not been reported in the gymnosperm species. In this study, we revealed that CW in Chinese fir exhibited distinct morphology and cytology properties compared with those of NW, including high lignin content, thick and round tracheid cells. Furthermore, we combined both PacBio long-read SMRT sequencing (Iso-Seq) and Illumina short-read RNA-Seq to reveal the transcriptome in stem-differentiating xylem (SDX) under different time points (2, 26, and 74 h) upon compression stress in NW, CW, and OW (opposite wood), respectively. Iso-Seq was successfully assembled into 41,253
full-length transcriptome reference (average length 2,245 bp). Moreover, there were striking differences in expression upon compression stress, which were involved 13 and 7 key enzyme genes in the lignin and cellulose synthesis, respectively. Especially, we revealed 11 secondary growth-related transcription factors show differential expression under compression stress, which was further validated by qRT-PCR. Finally, the correlation between 6,533 differentially expressed coding genes and 372 differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) indicates that these lncRNAs may affect cell wall biogenesis and xyloglucan metabolism. In conclusion, our results provided comprehensive cytology properties and full-length transcriptome profiling of wood species upon compression stress. Especially we explored candidate genes, including both coding and long non-coding genes, and provided a theoretical basis for further research on the formation mechanism of CW in gymnosperm Chinese fir.
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are endogenous non-coding RNAs with covalently closed structures, which have important functions in plants. However, their biogenesis, degradation, and function upon ...treatment with gibberellins (GAs) and auxins (1-Naphthaleneacetic acid, NAA) remain unknown. Here, we systematically identified and characterized expression patterns, evolutionary conservation, genomic features, and internal structures of circRNAs using RNase R-treated libraries from moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) seedlings. Moreover, we investigated the biogenesis of circRNAs dependent on both cis- and trans-regulation. We explored the function of circRNAs, including their roles in regulating microRNA-related genes and modulating the alternative splicing of their linear counterparts. Importantly, we developed a customized degradome sequencing approach to detect microRNA-mediated cleavage of circRNAs. Finally, we presented a comprehensive view of the participation of circRNAs in the regulation of hormone metabolism upon treatment of bamboo seedlings with GA and NAA. Collectively, our study gives insights into biogenesis, function, and microRNA-mediated degradation of circRNAs in moso bamboo.
Brine shrimps,
Artemia
(Crustacea, Anostraca), inhabit hypersaline environments and have a broad geographical distribution from sea level to high plateaus.
Artemia
therefore possess significant ...genetic diversity, which gives them their outstanding adaptability. To understand this remarkable plasticity, we sequenced the mitochondrial genomes of two
Artemia tibetiana
isolates from the Tibetan Plateau in China and one
Artemia urmiana
isolate from Lake Urmia in Iran and compared them with the genome of a low-altitude
Artemia
,
A. franciscana
. We compared the ratio of the rate of nonsynonymous (
Ka
) and synonymous (
Ks
) substitutions (
Ka
/
Ks
ratio) in the mitochondrial protein-coding gene sequences and found that
atp8
had the highest
Ka
/
Ks
ratios in comparisons of
A. franciscana
with either
A. tibetiana
or
A. urmiana
and that
atp6
had the highest
Ka
/
Ks
ratio between
A. tibetiana
and
A. urmiana. Atp6
may have experienced strong selective pressure for high-altitude adaptation because although
A. tibetiana
and
A. urmiana
are closely related they live at different altitudes. We identified two extended termination-associated sequences and three conserved sequence blocks in the D-loop region of the mitochondrial genomes. We propose that sequence variations in the D-loop region and in the subunits of the respiratory chain complexes independently or collectively contribute to the adaptation of
Artemia
to different altitudes.
Summary
Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) represents one of the fastest‐spreading plants in the world, due in part to its well‐developed rhizome system. However, the post‐transcriptional mechanism ...for the development of the rhizome system in bamboo has not been comprehensively studied. We therefore used a combination of single‐molecule long‐read sequencing technology and polyadenylation site sequencing (PAS‐seq) to re‐annotate the bamboo genome, and identify genome‐wide alternative splicing (AS) and alternative polyadenylation (APA) in the rhizome system. In total, 145 522 mapped full‐length non‐chimeric (FLNC) reads were analyzed, resulting in the correction of 2241 mis‐annotated genes and the identification of 8091 previously unannotated loci. Notably, more than 42 280 distinct splicing isoforms were derived from 128 667 intron‐containing full‐length FLNC reads, including a large number of AS events associated with rhizome systems. In addition, we characterized 25 069 polyadenylation sites from 11 450 genes, 6311 of which have APA sites. Further analysis of intronic polyadenylation revealed that LTR/Gypsy and LTR/Copia were two major transposable elements within the intronic polyadenylation region. Furthermore, this study provided a quantitative atlas of poly(A) usage. Several hundred differential poly(A) sites in the rhizome‐root system were identified. Taken together, these results suggest that post‐transcriptional regulation may potentially have a vital role in the underground rhizome‐root system.
Significance Statement
Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) is one of the fastest‐spreading plants in the world, due in part to its well‐developed rhizome system. However, the post‐transcriptional mechanism for the development of the rhizome system in bamboo has not been well studied. We therefore used a combination of single‐molecule long‐read sequencing technology and polyadenylation site sequencing to re‐annotate the bamboo genome, and subsequently identify alternative splicing and alternative polyadenylation in the rhizome system.
Summary
Casuarina equisetifolia (C. equisetifolia), a conifer‐like angiosperm with resistance to typhoon and stress tolerance, is mainly cultivated in the coastal areas of Australasia. ...C. equisetifolia, making it a valuable model to study secondary growth associated genes and stress‐tolerance traits. However, the genome sequence is unavailable and therefore wood‐associated growth rate and stress resistance at the molecular level is largely unexplored. We therefore constructed a high‐quality draft genome sequence of C. equisetifolia by a combination of Illumina second‐generation sequencing reads and Pacific Biosciences single‐molecule real‐time (SMRT) long reads to advance the investigation of this species. Here, we report the genome assembly, which contains approximately 300 megabases (Mb) and scaffold size of N50 is 1.06 Mb. Additionally, gene annotation, assisted by a combination of prediction and RNA‐seq data, generated 29 827 annotated protein‐coding genes and 1983 non‐coding genes, respectively. Furthermore, we found that the total number of repetitive sequences account for one‐third of the genome assembly. Here we also construct the genome‐wide map of DNA modification, such as two novel forms N6‐adenine (6mA) and N4‐methylcytosine (4mC) at the level of single‐nucleotide resolution using single‐molecule real‐time (SMRT) sequencing. Interestingly, we found that 17% of 6mA modification genes and 15% of 4mC modification genes also included alternative splicing events. Finally, we investigated cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin‐related genes, which were associated with secondary growth and contained different DNA modifications. The high‐quality genome sequence and annotation of C. equisetifolia in this study provide a valuable resource to strengthen our understanding of the diverse traits of trees.
Significance Statement
We constructed a high‐quality draft genome sequence of C. equisetifolia and systematically characterized 29,827 annotated protein‐coding genes and 1,983 non‐coding genes, respectively. Furthermore, we construct the genome‐wide map of DNA modification, such as two novel forms N6‐Adenine (6mA) and N4‐methylcytosine (4mC), including the genes in the regulation of lignin and cellulose. The high‐quality genome resource in this study provides valuable resources to strengthen our understanding of the diverse traits of trees.
Abstract
Exploring the relationship between factors of interest is a fundamental step for further analysis on various scientific problems such as understanding the genetic mechanism underlying ...specific disease, brain functional connectivity analysis. There are many methods proposed for association analysis and each has its own advantages, but none of them is suitable for all kinds of situations. This brings difficulties and confusions to practitioner on which one to use when facing a real problem. In this paper, we propose to combine power of different methods to detect associations in large data sets. It goes as combining the weaker to be stronger. Numerical results from simulation study and real data applications show that our new framework is powerful. Importantly, the framework can also be applied to other problems. Availability: The R script is available at https://jiangdata.github.io/resources/DM.zip
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The fast growth of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) shoots is caused by the rapid elongation of each internode. However, the key underlying cellular processes and epigenetic mechanisms remain ...largely unexplored. We used microscopy and multi-omics approaches to investigate two regions (bottom and middle) of the 18th internode from shoots of two different heights (2 and 4 m). We observed that internode cells become longer, and that lignin biosynthesis and glycosyltransferase family 43 (GT43) genes are substantially upregulated with shoot height. Nanopore direct RNA sequencing (DRS) revealed a higher N6-methyladenine (m6A) modification rate in 2-m shoots than in 4-m shoots. In addition, different specific m6A modification sites were enriched at different growth stages. Global DNA methylation profiling indicated that DNA methylation levels are higher in 4-m shoots than in 2-m shoots. We also detected shorter poly(A) tail lengths (PALs) in 4-m shoots compared with 2-m shoots. Genes showing differential PAL were mainly enriched in the functional terms of protein translation and vesicle fusion. An association analysis between PALs and DNA methylation strongly suggested that gene body CG methylation levels are positively associated with PAL. This study provides valuable information to better understand post-transcriptional regulations responsible for fast-growing shoots in Moso bamboo.
Abstract
Summary
The single-molecule real-time (SMRT) isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq) based on Pacific Bioscience (PacBio) platform has received increasing attention for its ability to explore ...full-length isoforms. Thus, comprehensive tools for Iso-Seq bioinformatics analysis are extremely useful. Here, we present a one-stop solution for Iso-Seq analysis, called PRAPI to analyze alternative transcription initiation (ATI), alternative splicing (AS), alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA), natural antisense transcripts (NAT), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) comprehensively. PRAPI is capable of combining Iso-Seq full-length isoforms with short read data, such as RNA-Seq or polyadenylation site sequencing (PAS-seq) for differential expression analysis of NAT, AS, APA and circRNAs. Furthermore, PRAPI can annotate new genes and correct mis-annotated genes when gene annotation is available. Finally, PRAPI generates high-quality vector graphics to visualize and highlight the Iso-Seq results.
Availability and implementation
The Dockerfile of PRAPI is available at http://www.bioinfor.org/tool/PRAPI.
SUMMARY
Australian pine (Casuarina spp.) is extensively planted in tropical and subtropical regions for wood production, shelterbelts, environmental protection, and ecological restoration due to ...their superior biological characteristics, such as rapid growth, wind and salt tolerance, and nitrogen fixation. To analyze the genomic diversity of Casuarina, we sequenced the genomes and constructed de novo genome assemblies of the three most widely planted Casuarina species: C. equisetifolia, C. glauca, and C. cunninghamiana. We generated chromosome‐scale genome sequences using both Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) Sequel sequencing and chromosome conformation capture technology (Hi‐C). The total genome sizes for C. equisetifolia, C. glauca, and C. cunninghamiana are 268 942 579 bp, 296 631 783 bp, and 293 483 606 bp, respectively, of which 25.91, 27.15, and 27.74% were annotated as repetitive sequences. We annotated 23 162, 24 673, and 24 674 protein‐coding genes in C. equisetifolia, C. glauca, and C. cunninghamiana, respectively. We then collected branchlets from male and female individuals for whole‐genome bisulfite sequencing (BS‐seq) to explore the epigenetic regulation of sex determination in these three species. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA‐seq) revealed differential expression of phytohormone‐related genes between male and female plants. In summary, we generated three chromosome‐level genome assemblies and comprehensive DNA methylation and transcriptome datasets from both male and female material for three Casuarina species, providing a basis for the comprehensive investigation of genomic diversity and functional gene discovery of Casuarina in the future.
Significance Statement
In this study we generated three chromosome‐level genome assemblies and comprehensive DNA methylation and transcriptome datasets from both male and female material for three Casuarina species, providing a basis for the comprehensive investigation of genomic diversity and functional gene discovery of Casuarina in the future.
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