Classification is widely used in gene expression data analysis. Feature selection is usually performed before classification because of the large number of genes and the small sample size in gene ...expression data. In this article, a novel feature selection algorithm using approximate conditional entropy based on fuzzy information granule is proposed, and the correctness of the method is proved by the monotonicity of entropy. Firstly, the fuzzy relation matrix is established by Laplacian kernel. Secondly, the approximately equal relation on fuzzy sets is defined. And then, the approximate conditional entropy based on fuzzy information granule and the importance of internal attributes are defined. Approximate conditional entropy can measure the uncertainty of knowledge from two different perspectives of information and algebra theory. Finally, the greedy algorithm based on the approximate conditional entropy is designed for feature selection. Experimental results for six large-scale gene datasets show that our algorithm not only greatly reduces the dimension of the gene datasets, but also is superior to five state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of classification accuracy.
Sorts of Li-ion batteries (LIB) have been becoming important energy supply and storage devices. As a long-standing obstacle, safety issues are limiting the large-scale adoption of high-energy-density ...batteries. Strategies covering materials, cell, and package processing have been paid much attention to. Here, we report a flexible sensor array with fast and reversible temperature switching that can be incorporated inside batteries to prevent thermal runaway. This flexible sensor array consists of PTCR ceramic sensors combined with printed PI sheets for electrodes and circuits. Compared to room temperature, the resistance of the sensors soars nonlinearly by more than three orders of magnitude at around 67 °C with a 1 °C/s rate. This temperature aligns with the decomposition temperature of SEI. Subsequently, the resistance returns to normal at room temperature, demonstrating a negative thermal hysteresis effect. This characteristic proves advantageous for the battery, as it enables a lower-temperature restart after an initial warming phase. The batteries with an embedded sensor array could resume their normal function without performance compromise or detrimental thermal runaway.
Long segmental repair of trachea stenosis is an intractable condition in the clinic. The reconstruction of an artificial substitute by tissue engineering is a promising approach to solve this unmet ...clinical need. 3D printing technology provides an infinite possibility for engineering a trachea. Here, we 3D printed a biodegradable reticular polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold with similar morphology to the whole segment of rabbits' native trachea. The 3D-printed scaffold was suspended in culture with chondrocytes for 2 (Group I) or 4 (Group II) weeks, respectively. This in vitro suspension produced a more successful reconstruction of a tissue-engineered trachea (TET), which enhanced the overall support function of the replaced tracheal segment. After implantation of the chondrocyte-treated scaffold into the subcutaneous tissue of nude mice, the TET presented properties of mature cartilage tissue. To further evaluate the feasibility of repairing whole segment tracheal defects, replacement surgery of rabbits' native trachea by TET was performed. Following postoperative care, mean survival time in Group I was 14.38 ± 5.42 days, and in Group II was 22.58 ± 16.10 days, with the longest survival time being 10 weeks in Group II. In conclusion, we demonstrate the feasibility of repairing whole segment tracheal defects with 3D printed TET.
Feature selection plays an important role in removing noise and redundancy of data. Due to various uncertainties in single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data, such as noise, mutation, sparsity, ...etc., most of the existing feature selection methods for scRNA-seq data performed poorly. This paper has given some techniques that consider the above problems from the perspective of fuzzy evidence theory. First of all, a noise-robust fuzzy relation incorporating the decision attribute is defined because the decision attribute contains the most important information of data. Then, fuzzy evidence theory is introduced because it is good at handling the uncertainty of continuous data. Furthermore, the connection between fuzzy evidence theory and fuzzy rough set models has been established, which solves the problem of difficult calculation of fuzzy belief and fuzzy plausibility. In this framework, two noise-robust feature selection algorithms without any parameters for scRNA-seq data are proposed. Experiments on 12 scRNA-seq datasets show that the proposed algorithms are superior to the other four state-of-the-art algorithms in classification accuracy and noise-robust performance in the case of selecting fewer genes. Therefore, the proposed algorithms are noise-robust and objective while maintaining high gene selection efficiency and accuracy.
•A novel fuzzy relation is established with a noise-robust design.•Two robust and non-parametric feature selection algorithms are proposed.•The experimental results show that our algorithms outperform the other algorithms.
With the development of autonomous driving and communication technology, the heterogeneous traffic flow by combining connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) and manually driven vehicles (MVs) will ...appear on the freeway in the near future. It is expected that CAVs can improve the freeway capacity and reduce vehicle exhaust emissions, but sharing the same road by CAVs and MVs will cause certain interference to CAVs. In order to reduce the negative influence of the heterogeneous traffic flow, setting up CAV dedicated lanes to separate CAVs from MVs to a certain extent is regarded as a reasonable solution. Based on the characteristics that MVs should be decelerated by a realistic amplitude and that the connected and autonomous vehicle can accurately predict the speed of its preceding and rear CAVs at the next time step, a heterogeneous traffic flow model was established. Based on this model, we studied the overall influence of different lane strategies on the operating efficiency of freeway traffic flow and vehicle exhaust emissions under different densities with different CAV penetration rates. The results show that setting up CAV dedicated lanes with low CAV penetration rates will have a negative impact on the freeway traffic flow. When the CAV penetration rate is 40%–60% and the density is not less than 30 veh/km/lane, setting up one CAV dedicated lane is the best choice. When the CAV penetration rate exceeds 60% and the density is not less than 40 veh/km/lane, setting up two CAV dedicated lanes is the best choice. The research finding will assist in understanding the overall influence of CAV dedicated lanes on freeway traffic flow and help determine the optimal number of CAV dedicated lanes under different traffic conditions.
An enriched environment can promote adaptability of animals to cope with complex environments. A total of 18-week-old 216 laying hens were randomly divided into 2 groups; of which, one group was ...housed in conventional battery cages (CC, n = 36), and the others were housed in furnished cages (FC, n = 180). At the end of 64 wk of age, 24 chickens of each group were selected for 4-hour transport treatment. The spleen tissues of laying hens were collected before transportation (BT), immediately after transportation, and at 48 h after transportation to detect the expression of the heat shock protective response signaling pathway and inflammatory factors. Serum samples were collected to detect the content of immune cytokines. Transport stress decreased heat shock proteins (HSP; including Small HSP, HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, HS70, HSP90, HSP110) in the CC group (P < 0.05), whereas there was no significant difference in the expression of HSP (except for Small HSP and HSP40) in the FC group (P > 0.05) immediately after transportation. At 48 h after transportation, mRNA levels of HSP (except for Small HSP and HSP40) in the FC group were upregulated, which were higher than those at BT (P < 0.05). The changes in HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 protein levels had similar tendencies. The results showed that housing in furnished cages alleviated the inhibition of expression of HSP in the hens' spleen induced by transport stress. In addition, the hens housed in the FC group had lower expression levels of proinflammatory factors (nuclear transcription factor-kappa B, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E synthase, inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) (P < 0.05). We suggest that the enriched environment can reduce transport stress damage in laying hens and improve resistance to transport stress by regulating expression of heat shock response proteins and inflammatory cytokines.
For high spatiotemporal resolution global navigation satellite system interferometric reflectometry (GNSS-IR) snow depth monitoring, addressing terrain effects and multi-GNSS data fusion together is ...essential due to their coupling. Analyzed multi-GNSS spatiotemporal availability to ensure coverage and revisit rate. Improved data usage and inversion accuracy through complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition. Corrected anisotropic terrain errors using digital elevation model to account for varied reflection footprints. A grid was established for data partitioning and fusion. Considering intersystem errors, the proposed signal peak ratio weighting (PRW) fusion of single-system inversions is based on signal quality. Then, by using inverse distance weighting, the multi-GNSS results were fused, achieving high-accuracy, hourly snow depth inversions with high spatial resolution. With terrain correction, the correlation coefficient ( R ) reached 0.984, root mean square error (RMSE) 0.136 m, and mean error (ME) -0.060 m, reduced by 9.05% and 24.84%. PRW further enhanced accuracy, increasing R to 0.985, reducing RMSE 14.6% to 0.128 m, improving ME 40.57% to -0.047 m. Grid fusion effectively integrated multi-GNSS data, showing daily R 0.865, RMSE 0.102 m, ME -0.050 m. Across season, R 0.984, RMSE 0.134 m, ME -0.065 m. Compared to equal weighting, R improved 4.72% and 3.05%, RMSE reduced 26.09% and 14.10%, ME decreased 28.57% and 16.44%. Hourly results achieved 94.44% coverage, averaging 5.19 usable tracks, demonstrating effectiveness. Overall, this article presents an end-to-end solution for high spatiotemporal resolution snow depth inversion using GNSS-IR, and the methodology can be extended to other geophysical parameter retrievals.
In wireless power transfer (WPT) system, communication between the primary and the secondary plays an important role in system status monitoring and operation control. Bidirectional information ...transmission is also essential to detect the working state and send control command in both sides. This article proposes a bidirectional simultaneous wireless information and power transfer method. The secondary has a simple structure and employs only one switch. The proposed WPT system can achieve bidirectional information transmission via a sharing inductive link. The forward information is transferred by using a single full bridge inverter based on selected harmonic elimination PWM (SHEPWM) control methods without other high-frequency signal sources. In the secondary side, uncontrolled rectifier and a parallel MOSFET are adopted to realize constant voltage output and backward information transfer. The backward information modulation is achieved by changing the switching frequency of MOSFET. The forward and backward information demodulation modules are designed and analyzed in details. A 30W experiment platform with forward communication rate 5 kbps and backward communication rate 10 kbps is built to verify this proposed method.
The virtual inertia control (VIC) is used to design frequency regulation for a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). The VIC method can be improved by adding supplementary control loops for inertia ...response and rotor speed recovery. In this study, certain delay time of the recovery module is replaced by setting a trigger condition to make the speed recover. Then the modified Ziegler–Nichols (ZN) method is used to calculate proportional–integral parameters of the recovery module quickly and accurately. Finally, the VIC method is applied to the micro-grid switch grid-connected mode to unplanned island mode. Simulation results demonstrate that the modified VIC method is effective to improve transient stability for the micro-gird during switching mode.
A n-conjugated phenylaza-15-crown-5-triazol-substituted coumarin fluoroionophore 1 was synthesized by cop- per（I）-catalyzed Huisgen alkyne-azide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition （CuAAC ＂click＂ reaction）. 1 ...can display selective fluorescence enhancement toward Fe3＋ over Hg2＋, Cr3＋ and the other metal ions in aqueous solution. In sharp con- trast, the fluorescence behavior between Fe3＋ and Hg2＋ is completely reversed in EtOH. That is, Hg2＋ gives the largest fluorescence enhancement over Cr3＋, Fe3＋ and the other metal ions.
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