Teachers’ emotions and inner states play a crucial role in academia as they affect almost all aspects of their job. Language teaching as a stressful and tense profession is full of adversities and ...traumatic experiences, mandating teachers to be psychologically tough aside from their pedagogical readiness. In tune with this, the current study provides an overview of this area of research drawing on positive psychology and four fresh constructs, namely, resilience, buoyancy, care, and students’ engagement. More particularly, this review article presents the definitions, conceptualizations, dimensions, cognate terms, and influential factors related to each construct. Next, related empirical studies are reviewed to justify the results and position the current article in the body of knowledge in this domain. Finally, implications, gaps, and recommendations for future research are presented.
Bistable display has been a long-awaited goal due to its zero energy cost when maintaining colored or colorless state and electrochromic material has been highly considered as a potential way to ...achieve bistable display due to its simple structure and possible manipulation. However, it is extremely challenging with insurmountable technical barriers related to traditional electrochromic mechanisms. Herein a prototype for bistable electronic billboard and reader with high energy efficiency is demonstrated with excellent bistability (decay 7% in an hour), reversibility (10
cycles), coloration efficiency (430 cm
C
) and very short voltage stimulation time (2 ms) for color switching, which greatly outperforms current products. This is achieved by stabilization of redox molecule via intermolecular ion transfer to the supramolecular bonded colorant and further stabilization of the electrochromic molecules in semi-solid media. This promising approach for ultra-energy-efficient display will promote the development of switching molecules, devices and applications in various fields of driving/navigation/industry as display to save energy.
Electrochromic devices (ECDs) have been regarded as promising candidates for energy-saving smart windows, next-generation displays and wearable electronics due to their significant benefits of simple ...and adjustable structures, low power consumption, flexible and stretchable features, and eye-friendly modes for displays. However, there are many existing issues waiting to be solved such as durability, reversibility and inadequate switching performances. These insurmountable technical bottlenecks significantly slow down the commercialization of next-generation ECDs. Nanomaterials with superior active reaction surface area have played indispensable roles in optimizing heterogeneous electron transfer and homogeneous ion transfer for ECDs and other optoelectronic devices. In recent years, with the joint efforts of various outstanding research teams, new kinds and methods for nanomaterials to fabricate ECDs with excellent performances have been rapidly developing. This review highlights the latest exciting results regarding the design and application of new and unique nanomaterials for each layer of ECDs. Meanwhile, the structures, mechanisms, features and preparation of the reported nanomaterials to improve the electrochromic properties have been discussed in detail. In addition, the remaining challenges and corresponding strategies of this field are also proposed. Hopefully, this review can inspire more and more researchers to enrich the nanomaterials for ECDs and other related fields to overcome faced technical barriers by innovative means and promote industrialization of ECDs and other optoelectronic technologies.
This review article systematically highlights the recent advances regarding the design, preparation, performance and application of new and unique nanomaterials for electrochromic devices.
Bistable electrochromic materials have been explored as a viable alternative to reduce energy consumption in display applications. However, the development of ideal bistable electrochromic displays ...(especially multicolour displays) remains challenging due to the intrinsic limitations associated with existing electrochromic processes. Here, a bistable electrochromic device with good overall performance-including bistability (>52 h), reversibility (>12,000 cycles), colouration efficiency (≥1,240 cm
C
) and transmittance change (70%) with fast switching (≤1.5 s)-was designed and developed based on concerted intramolecular proton-coupled electron transfer. This approach was used to develop black, magenta, yellow and blue displays as well as a multicolour bistable electrochromic shelf label. The design principles derived from this unconventional exploration of concerted intramolecular proton-coupled electron transfer may also be useful in different optoelectronic applications.
Bistable electrochromic materials are a promising alternative solution to reduce energy consumption in displays. Limited by the mechanism and lack of a design strategy, only a few electrochromic ...materials have truly been able achieve bistability. Herein, a novel strategy is proposed to design bistable electrochromic materials based on polymer‐assisted dynamic metal–ligand coordination. The mechanism and materials of such unconventional electrochromic systems are proved by sufficient characterization. Synergistic stabilization of polymerized switchable dyes and the ionic ligand polymer are attracted to each other by supramolecular forces. The color states of the dye molecules are controlled and stabilized by valence changes of the metal ions. Meanwhile, through the polymerization of the electrochromic material and the nearby metal–ligand material, the metal ions of the electroinduced valence change are tightly fixed, and the related diffusion problem of the active EC component is also almost completely suppressed. This strategy successfully enables preparation of the corresponding transparent electrochromic displays with good performances, such as, the display information is clearly visible for more than 1.5 h without consuming energy. Furthermore, the new way of dynamic coordination or dissociation bistable displays could likely prosper the development of the electrochromic area and inspire other fields.
A flexible see‐through bistable electrochromic display based on polymer‐assisted dynamic metal–ligand coordination is achieved successfully. It benefits from the stabilization of dye molecules by metal ions, the fixing effect, and the inhibited diffusion for metal ions by the closely associated ligand polymers. The synergistic polymers possess good film‐forming ability, easy fabrication, and high transmittance with excellent bistability. These contribute potential for energy‐saving displays.
With the rapid development of human society, consumer electronics have brought marvelous changes to human daily life, but they are accompanied by the much higher demand of display quality and visual ...experience. Therefore, ideal conversion among the three primary colors—red (R), green (G), and blue (B)—in a single pixel has been a better way to avoid the insurmountable technical barrier of subpixel technology of modern displays. Electrofluorochromic (EFC) materials capable of a novel luminescent switching, open a powerful way to design optoelectronic devices for displays and information storage etc. Colorful EFC devices, especially emitting the ideal three primary colors without subpixel technology, have been a challenge for years. Herein, a long‐awaited single‐pixel device with RGB color is fabricated successfully based on proton‐coupled electron transfer. The RGB EFC device exhibits outstanding EFC properties, such as low turn‐on voltage (+1.0 and −1.0 V), large color gamut, and good stability (500 cycles for each color). Prototypes of colorful alphanumeric displays are well demonstrated in a facile way. The success of this new exploration of single‐pixel RGB EFC device not only provides the possibility of full‐color emission in EFC devices, but also will widely broaden the EFC system and their applications.
A single‐pixel RGB electrofluorochromic (EFC) device is fabricated based on proton‐coupled electron transfer, with remarkable EFC properties, and a prototype of a colorful pixel‐based alphanumeric display is demonstrated. The success of this new exploration provides the possibility of full‐color emission in EFC devices, and widely broadens the EFC system and its applications.
Abstract
Intrinsic antiferromagnetism in van der Waals (vdW) monolayer (ML) crystals enriches our understanding of two-dimensional (2D) magnetic orders and presents several advantages over ...ferromagnetism in spintronic applications. However, studies of 2D intrinsic antiferromagnetism are sparse, owing to the lack of net magnetisation. Here, by combining spin-polarised scanning tunnelling microscopy and first-principles calculations, we investigate the magnetism of vdW ML CrTe
2
, which has been successfully grown through molecular-beam epitaxy. We observe a stable antiferromagnetic (AFM) order at the atomic scale in the ML crystal, whose bulk is ferromagnetic, and correlate its imaged zigzag spin texture with the atomic lattice structure. The AFM order exhibits an intriguing noncollinear spin reorientation under magnetic fields, consistent with its calculated moderate magnetic anisotropy. The findings of this study demonstrate the intricacy of 2D vdW magnetic materials and pave the way for their in-depth analysis.
A new and simple strategy towards electric‐field‐driven multiple chirality switching device has been designed and fabricated by combining a newly synthesized base‐responsive chiroptical polymer ...switch (R‐FLMA) and p‐benzoquinone (p‐BQ) via proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) mechanism. Clear and stable triple chirality states (silence, positive, negative) of this device in visible band can be regulated reversibly (>1000 cycles) by adjusting voltage programs. Furthermore, such chiral switching phenomena are also accompanied by apparent changes of color and fluorescence. More importantly, the potential application of this device for a spatial light modulator has also been demonstrated.
A simple and new strategy towards electric‐field‐driven multiple chirality switching material and device for spatial light modulators has been developed successfully based on the proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) mechanism.
Molecular switches have attracted increasing interest in the past decades, due to their broad applications in data storage, optical gating, smart windows, and so on. However, up till now, most of the ...molecular switches are operated in solutions or polymer blends with the stimuli of light, heat, and electric fields. Herein, we demonstrate the first pressure-controllable molecular switch of a benzo1,3oxazine OX-1 in crystal. Distinct from the light-triggered tautomerization between two optical states, applying hydrostatic pressure on the OX-1 crystal results in large-scale and continuous states across the whole visible light range (from ∼430 to ∼700 nm), which has not been achieved with other stimuli. Based on detailed and systematic control experiments and theoretical calculation, the preliminary requirements and mechanism of pressure-dependent tautomerization are fully discussed. The contributions of molecular tautomerization to the large-scale optical modulation are also stressed. Finally, the importance of studying pressure-responsive materials on understanding tactile sensing is also discussed and a possible mechanotransduction mode is proposed.
C3N4/TiO2 hybrid photocatalysts with highly enhanced photocatalytic performance were prepared by a facile ball milling method. A layered structure of g-C3N4 was formed on the surface of TiO2. The ...mechanochemical process can promote the dispersion of C3N4 on the surface of TiO2 particles, to form a single layer hybrid structure and a multi-layer core-shell structure. The photocatalytic activities of C3N4/TiO2 under visible and UV light irradiation were 3.0 and 1.3 times those of pure g-C3N4 and TiO2, respectively. Under visible light and UV irradiation, the photocurrent response was up to 2.5 times and 1.5 times as high as that of the pure TiO2 and C3N4, respectively. The evident performance enhancement of g-C3N4-TiO2 was mainly attributed to high separation and migration efficiency of electron-hole pairs.
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