The adverse side effects and toxicity caused by the non-targeted delivery of doxorubicin has emphasized the demand of emerging a targeted delivery system. The goal of this study is to enhance the ...delivery of doxorubicin by formulating an aptamer-labeled liposomal nanoparticle delivery system that will carry and deliver doxorubicin specifically into Her-2+ breast cancer cells. Twelve liposomal batches were prepared using different saturated (HSPC and DPPC) and unsaturated (POPC and DOPC) lipids by thin film hydration. The liposomes were characterized for their particle size, zeta potential, and drug encapsulation efficiency. The particles were also assessed for
in vitro
toxicity and DOX delivery into the breast cancer cells. The formulations, F1 through F12, had a small particle size of less than 200 nm and a high entrapment efficiency of about 88 ± 5%. The best formulation, F5, had a particle size of 101 ± 14nm, zeta potential of + 5.63 ± 0.46 mV, and entrapment efficiency of ≈ 93%. The cytotoxicity studies show that the DOX-loaded liposomal formulations are more effective in killing cancer cells than the free DOX in both MCF-7 and SKBR-3 cells. The uptake studies show a significant increase in the uptake of the aptamer-labeled liposomes (
i.e.
, F5) by more than 60% into Her-2+ MCF-7 and SKBR-3 breast cancer cells compare to non-aptamer-labeled nanoparticles. F5 also shows ≈ 1.79-fold increase in uptake of DOX in the Her-2+ cells compared to the Her-2- cells. This preliminary study indicates that aptamer-labeled F5 nanoparticles among several batches showed the highest uptake as well as the targeted delivery of doxorubicin into Her-2+ breast cancer cells. Thus, aptamer targeted approach results in substantial reduction in the dose of DOX and improves the therapeutic benefits by promoting the target specificity.
The first controllable, regioselective radical amination of allenes with N‐fluoroarylsulfonimide is described to proceed under very mild reaction conditions. With this methodology, a general and ...straightforward route for the synthesis of both allenamides and fluorinated tetrasubstituted alkenes was realized from a wide range of terminal and internal allenes.
Radical highway: By employing N‐fluoroarylsulfonimide as a nitrogen source, a facile, mild, and highly regioselective copper‐catalyzed oxidative radical amination of various allenes was developed. In addition, a protocol involving nitrogen radical addition/fluorine‐atom transfer affords fluorinated tetrasubstituted alkenes by using silver as catalyst.
The increasing use of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) in consumer and industrial products raises concerns about their environmental impacts, but their potential influence on anaerobic ammonium ...oxidation (anammox) process in wastewater treatment remains unknown. In this study, the response of granule-based anammox reactor to different loads of ZnONPs was investigated. The introduction of 1–5mgL−1 ZnONPs did not affect reactor performance, but 90% of the nitrogen removal capacity was deprived by a shock of 10mgL−1 ZnONPs within 3days. Anammox activity was significantly inhibited, but no significant stimulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production or extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was observed. The inhibition was thus mainly due to the accumulation of toxic Zn(II) ions in anammox biomass. However, the resistance and resilience of this anammox reactor to ZnONPs were enhanced by intermittent perturbations in the mode of “shock-recovery”. The up-regulated abundance of Zn(II)-exporter ZntA might contribute to the enhanced resistance. In addition, these repeated transient disturbances improved the functional specificity of the anammox community despite the reduction of its diversity. Overall, these results may provide useful references for evaluating and controlling the risk of NPs to anammox process.
Display omitted
•The presence of 1–5mgL−1 ZnONPs did not affect anammox reactor performance.•10mgL−1 ZnONP shock deprived 90% of the nitrogen removal capacity within 3days.•The resistance and resilience was enhanced by intermittent perturbations.•The functional specificity of the anammox community was improved by repeated training.
Yellow fever virus (YFV) live attenuated vaccine can, in rare cases, cause life-threatening disease, typically in patients with no previous history of severe viral illness. Autosomal recessive (AR) ...complete IFNAR1 deficiency was reported in one 12-yr-old patient. Here, we studied seven other previously healthy patients aged 13 to 80 yr with unexplained life-threatening YFV vaccine-associated disease. One 13-yr-old patient had AR complete IFNAR2 deficiency. Three other patients vaccinated at the ages of 47, 57, and 64 yr had high titers of circulating auto-Abs against at least 14 of the 17 individual type I IFNs. These antibodies were recently shown to underlie at least 10% of cases of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia. The auto-Abs were neutralizing in vitro, blocking the protective effect of IFN-α2 against YFV vaccine strains. AR IFNAR1 or IFNAR2 deficiency and neutralizing auto-Abs against type I IFNs thus accounted for more than half the cases of life-threatening YFV vaccine-associated disease studied here. Previously healthy subjects could be tested for both predispositions before anti-YFV vaccination.
Noise is, in general, inevitable and detrimental to practical and useful quantum communication and computation. Under the resource theory framework, resource distillation serves as a generic tool to ...overcome the effect of noise. Yet, conventional resource distillation protocols generally require operations on multiple copies of resource states, and strong limitations exist that restrict their practical utilities. Recently, by relaxing the setting of resource distillation to only approximating the measurement statistics instead of the quantum state, a resource-frugal protocol, "virtual resource distillation," is proposed, which allows more effective distillation of noisy resources. Here, we report its experimental implementation on a photonic quantum system for the distillation of quantum coherence (up to dimension four) and bipartite entanglement. We show the virtual distillation of the maximal superposed state of dimension four from the state of dimension two, an impossible task in conventional coherence distillation. Furthermore, we demonstrate the virtual distillation of entanglement with operations acting only on a single copy of the noisy Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pair and showcase the quantum teleportation task using the virtually distilled EPR pair with a significantly improved fidelity of the teleported state. These results illustrate the feasibility of the virtual resource distillation method and pave the way for accurate manipulation of quantum resources with noisy quantum hardware.
The application of animal manure containing antibiotic residues as an organic fertilizer to farmlands, poses a major threat to the health of river basin ecosystems. Waste treatment processes can help ...reduce antibiotic pollution levels in river basins following manure application, but the overall influence of these processes remains unclear. This study evaluates the impact of manure treatment methods on the emission and subsequent river pollution caused by 14 frequently detected antibiotics in a typical pig breeding area in China, by using hypothetical scenarios method. Three scenarios were constructed based on possible fate pathways of antibiotics, representing in 47.0, 55.3, and 81.6 ton·yr−1 antibiotic emissions into the river basin. The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model successfully simulated the transport of antibiotics from farmland to surface water, with calibration and verification performed using hydrological station monthly data over 8 consecutive years. Field measured concentrations also verified the reliability of the model and were used to determine the most realistic scenario. In basins applied with manure, environmental antibiotic pollution is most affected by the wastewater treatment process and manure applied patterns, followed by changes in streamflow. The antibiotic pollution in manure applied areas showed significant spatial and temporal differences, resulting from the different manure application patterns. The simulated total outflow of antibiotics in the river basin accounted for 18.1% of the inflow, with the loss of target antibiotics by degradation, volatilization and sedimentation deposition in the river basin being 0.23, 0.01 and 33.2 ton·yr−1, respectively. This study can help to clarify the environmental fate of antibiotics in the basin following manure application, provide guidance for policy makers and help to design the effective corrective interventions for reducing the environmental pollution.
Display omitted
•Hypothetical scenario method evaluates antibiotic pollution in manure applied basin.•SWAT model successfully simulates the antibiotic pollution in pig breeding basin.•Manure treatment can effectively reduce the basin antibiotic emission and pollution.•Manure applied areas showed significant spatial and temporal antibiotic pollution.•Antibiotics were mostly deposited into the basin sediment in manure applied basin.
To achieve a safe, efficient, and sustainable (even fully automated) production for the continuous‐flow hydrogenation reactions, which is among the most often used reactions in chemical synthesis, ...new catalyst types and immobilization methods as well as flow reactors and technologies have been developed over the last years; in addition, these approaches have been combined with new and transformational technologies in other fields such as artificial intelligence. Thus, attention from academic and industry practitioners has increasingly focused on improving the performance of hydrogenation in flow mode by reducing the reaction times, increasing selectivities, and achieve safe operation. This Minireview aims to summarize the most recent research results on this topic with focus on the advantages, current limitations, and future directions of flow chemistry.
The art of hydrogenation in flow: Considering cost‐effective and environmentally sustainable manufacturing, continuous‐flow techniques have become an inevitable trend. Among these, continuous‐flow hydrogenation has received considerable attention as it provides a safe and efficient platform for the synthesis of organic compounds at low reaction temperatures and pressures. In this Minireview, recent progress made in continuous‐flow hydrogenations is summarized, pointing out the advantages and future perspectives of flow chemistry.
With the rapid development of electronic device, thermal management material is currently in great demand. Therefore, to design material of efficient thermal management is of high significance. In ...this work, we report a green route that using only water exfoliate boron nitride (BN) powder and obtain hydroxylate boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS-OH) aqueous dispersion. The BNNS-OH as high thermally conductive nanofillers composited with cellulose nanofiber (CNF) is prepared a flexible film which has high thermal conductivity, superior mechanical properties and good thermal stability. In BNNS-OH/CNF film, BNNS-OH and CNF are stacked layer-by-layer to form a natural nacre structure, where CNF acted as the mortar filled in the interlayer space. The in-plane thermal conductivity of the 25 wt%BNNS-OH/CNF film is 22.67 W m−1 K−1, corresponding to thermal boundary resistance is 3.26 × 10−6 m2 kW−1 calculated by the Maxwell-Garnett effective medium theory (EMT) which is lower than that by previously reported methods. We demonstrate the potential usefulness of BNNS-OH/CNF film in electronic device-cooling application.
Adsorption techniques have been successfully applied in water purification because of their flexibility, simplicity of design, and effectiveness. Activated carbon is an effective absorbent using for ...dye adsorption; however, the powder structure is not conducive for practical applications and cannot be used to filter dye solutions which are challenges that still need to be addressed. Herein, a natural cellulose-based absorbent, activated carbon-Juncus effusus fiber (AC-JE fiber), demonstrates the removal of all kinds of dyes without selectivity and humic substances and humic-like organics from wastewater. The combined macroporous structures of JE fibers and the microporous and mesoporous structures of activated carbon particles enhance their adsorption properties. These composite absorbents have excellent adsorption and continuous filtration effect. The rejection rate is approximately 100% not only on acidic and anionic dyes but also on basic and cationic dyes. Moreover, the dye solution adsorbed by AC-JE fibers exhibits an ideal freshwater quality (almost no bacteria), similar to that of the deionized water. The AC-JE fibers prove their potential for dye removal, in both adsorption and filtration. Their sterilization ability substantiates their potential in the field of water purification as they can be used as ideal absorbents based on cellulose for removing dyes and purifying wastewater.
PDF
