Process analytical technology (PAT) is a system designed to help chemists better understand and control manufacturing processes. PAT systems operate through the combination of analytical devices, ...reactor control elements, and mathematical models to ensure the quality of the final product through a quality by design (QbD) approach. The expansion of continuous manufacturing in the pharmaceutical and fine‐chemical industry requires the development of PAT tools suitable for continuous operation in the environment of flow reactors. This requires innovative approaches to sampling and analysis from flowing media to maintain the integrity of the reactor content and the analyte of interest. The following Review discusses examples of PAT tools implemented in flow chemistry for the preparation of small organic molecules, and applications of self‐optimization tools.
Continuous manufacturing in the pharmaceutical and fine‐chemical industry requires a detailed understanding of ongoing reaction processes. Artificial intelligence and machine learning in conjunction with process analytical technology tools that help control and optimize the operation of continuous manufacturing reactors and the related chemical transformations enable chemists to optimize synthetic processes.
Abstract
Aqueous zinc (Zn) chemistry features intrinsic safety, but suffers from severe irreversibility, as exemplified by low Coulombic efficiency, sustained water consumption and dendrite growth, ...which hampers practical applications of rechargeable Zn batteries. Herein, we report a highly reversible aqueous Zn battery in which the graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots additive serves as fast colloid ion carriers and assists the construction of a dynamic & self-repairing protective interphase. This real-time assembled interphase enables an ion-sieving effect and is found actively regenerate in each battery cycle, in effect endowing the system with single Zn
2+
conduction and constant conformal integrality, executing timely adaption of Zn deposition, thus retaining sustainable long-term protective effect. In consequence, dendrite-free Zn plating/stripping at ~99.6% Coulombic efficiency for 200 cycles, steady charge-discharge for 1200 h, and impressive cyclability (61.2% retention for 500 cycles in a Zn | |MnO
2
full battery, 73.2% retention for 500 cycles in a Zn | |V
2
O
5
full battery and 93.5% retention for 3000 cycles in a Zn | |VOPO
4
full battery) are achieved, which defines a general pathway to challenge Lithium in all low-cost, large-scale applications.
A ternary manganese ferrite/graphene/polyaniline (MGP) nanostructure is designed and synthesized via a facile two-step approach. This nanostructure exhibits outstanding electrochemical performances, ...such as high specific capacitance (454.8 F g−1 at 0.2 A g−1), excellent rate capability (75.8% capacity retention at 5 A g−1), and good cycling stability (76.4% capacity retention after 5000 cycles at 2 A g−1), which are superior to those of its individual components (manganese ferrite, reduced-graphene oxide, polyaniline) and corresponding binary hybrids (manganese ferrite/graphene (MG), manganese ferrite/polyaniline (MP), and graphene/polyaniline (GP)). A symmetric supercapacitor device using the as-obtained hybrid has been fabricated and tested. The device exhibits a high specific capacitance of 307.2 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 with a maximum energy density of 13.5 W h kg−1. The high electrochemical performance of ternary MGP can be attributed to its well-designed nanostructure and the synergistic effect of the individual components.
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•A ternary manganese ferrite/graphene/polyaniline nanostructure is designed and synthesized.•The ternary nanostructure shows the highest performance among all studied electrodes.•The assembled symmetric supercapacitor exhibits a maximum energy density of 13.5 W h kg−1.
This study extends the research on the creative work process in teams by integrating personality traits, knowledge-sharing behavior, and transformational leadership. Analyses of multisource data from ...347 members of 53 creative teams in 26 firms reveal the associations between heterogeneity of openness to experience in teams and team creativity (i.e., idea generation and idea development). Further, knowledge sharing mediated the relationships between personality heterogeneity and team creativity. Transformational leadership amplified the relationship between personality heterogeneity and idea development. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Understanding and exploring the functional modules (FMs) consisting of local atomic groups can promote the development of the materials with functional performances. Oxygen‐containing tetrahedral ...modules are popular in deep‐ultraviolet (DUV) optical materials, but their weak optical anisotropy is adverse to birefringence. Here, the fluorooxosulfate group is proved as a new birefringence‐enhanced FM for the first time. The birefringence of fluorooxosulfates can be 4.8–15.5 times that of sulfates with the same metal cations while maintaining a DUV band gap. The polarizing microscope measurement confirms the birefringence enhancement by using the millimeter crystals experimentally. The theoretical studies from micro and macro levels further reveal a novel universal strategy that the fluorine induced anisotropic electronic distribution in fluorooxo–tetrahedral group is responsible for the enhancement of birefringence. This study will guide the future discovery of DUV optical materials with enlarged birefringence.
A novel design and synthesis strategy for birefringent materials. The fluorooxosulfate group is proved as a new birefringence‐enhanced FM for the first time. The fluorine‐free tetrahedra substituted by the fluorooxo‐tetrahedral group can enhance birefringence while maintaining short cut‐off edge, which is proved by the experiments. This study provides a feasible way to design DUV optical materials with enlarged birefringence.
Structural engineering carbon support in controlling the dopant concentrations or types and their homogeneity is an effective way to modulate the catalytic properties of Pt-based materials. Herein, ...we reported a convenient and scalable strategy to incorporate pyridinic and pyrrolic N components into the carbon matrix via quantum dots anchoring pathway. The newly designed carbon can accurately regulate the N contents, and importantly, exposes numerous functional edge sites for growing and stabilizing Pt nanoparticles with a very narrow size distribution. Experimental validation identified that a strengthened metal-support interaction is afforded on this Pt/NCB-
n
architecture, which significantly optimizes its catalytic behaviors toward the methanol electrooxidation process. Combining its unique textural features including unimpeded electron conductivity, intensive N components on the triple-phase boundaries, and sufficient accessible catalytically active centers, the obtained Pt/NCB-
n
exhibits a marvelous electrocatalytic activity accompanied by distinguished antipoisoning ability and reliable long-term stability, holding great potential as substitutes for conventional Pt-activated carbon catalysts. This study paves a new avenue to develop more effective carbon-based supports for constructing advanced electrocatalysts and can also be extended to the next-generation metal-air batteries, metal-ion batteries, or sensors.
Graphical abstract
The goal of this study was to explore the feasibility and accuracy of using a wearable mixed-reality holographic computer to guide external ventricular drain (EVD) insertion and thus improve on the ...accuracy of the classic freehand insertion method for EVD insertion. The authors also sought to provide a clinically applicable workflow demonstration.
Pre- and postoperative CT scanning were performed routinely by the authors for every patient who needed EVD insertion. Hologram-guided EVD placement was prospectively applied in 15 patients between August and November 2017. During surgical planning, model reconstruction and trajectory calculation for each patient were completed using preoperative CT. By wearing a Microsoft HoloLens, the neurosurgeon was able to visualize the preoperative CT-generated holograms of the surgical plan and perform EVD placement by keeping the catheter aligned with the holographic trajectory. Fifteen patients who had undergone classic freehand EVD insertion were retrospectively included as controls. The feasibility and accuracy of the hologram-guided technique were evaluated by comparing the time required, number of passes, and target deviation for hologram-guided EVD placement with those for classic freehand EVD insertion.
Surgical planning and hologram visualization were performed in all 15 cases in which EVD insertion involved holographic guidance. No adverse events related to the hologram-guided procedures were observed. The mean ± SD additional time before the surgical part of the procedure began was 40.20 ± 10.74 minutes. The average number of passes was 1.07 ± 0.258 in the holographic guidance group, compared with 2.33 ± 0.98 in the control group (p < 0.01). The mean target deviation was 4.34 ± 1.63 mm in the holographic guidance group and 11.26 ± 4.83 mm in the control group (p < 0.01).
This study demonstrates the use of a head-mounted mixed-reality holographic computer to successfully perform hologram-assisted bedside EVD insertion. A full set of clinically applicable workflow images is presented to show how medical imaging data can be used by the neurosurgeon to visualize patient-specific holograms that can intuitively guide hands-on operation. The authors also provide preliminary confirmation of the feasibility and accuracy of this hologram-guided EVD insertion technique.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria execute biological nitrogen fixation through nitrogenase, converting inert dinitrogen (N
) in the atmosphere into bioavailable nitrogen. Elaborating the molecular mechanisms ...of orderly and efficient biological nitrogen fixation and applying them to agricultural production can alleviate the "nitrogen problem".
is a well-established model bacterium for studying nitrogen fixation, utilizing nitrogenase encoded by the
gene cluster to fix nitrogen. In
, the NifA-NifL system fine-tunes the
gene cluster transcription by sensing the redox signals and energy status, then modulating nitrogen fixation. In this manuscript, we investigate the transcriptional regulation mechanism of the
gene in autogenous nitrogen-fixing bacteria. We discuss how autogenous nitrogen fixation can better be integrated into agriculture, providing preliminary comprehensive data for the study of autogenous nitrogen-fixing regulation.
Corrosion of reinforced concrete structures has become a major problem worldwide, leading to very high repair costs. A dearth of studies has focused on the corrosion damage evolution of reinforced ...concrete. In this paper, the ultrasonic guided wave (UGW) technique is adopted to monitor the reinforced concrete corrosion damage evolution process. The properties of different guide wave modes were studied by steel rebar dispersion curves of UGWs through numerical calculation. The availability and validity of the UGW testing-reinforced concrete corrosion damage is proved by corrosion experiment. The experiment shows that the first wave peak value could describe the whole process of steel rebar corrosion. As the corrosion damage level increases, the relative variation for the first UGW peak value increases first and then decreases.
Optogenetics tools for precise temporal and spatial control of protein abundance are valuable in studying diverse complex biological processes. In the present study, we engineer a monomeric tag of ...stabilization upon light induction (SULI) for yeast and zebrafish based on a single light-oxygen-voltage domain from Neurospora crassa. Proteins of interest fused with SULI are stable upon light illumination but are readily degraded after transfer to dark conditions. SULI shows a high dynamic range and a high tolerance to fusion at different positions of the target protein. Further studies reveal that SULI-mediated degradation occurs through a lysine ubiquitination-independent proteasome pathway. We demonstrate the usefulness of SULI in controlling the cell cycle in yeast and regulating protein stability in zebrafish, respectively. Overall, our data indicate that SULI is a simple and robust tool to quantitatively and spatiotemporally modulate protein levels for biotechnological or biomedical applications.
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