ObjectiveTo review the advances in methods for reconstructing nipple projection based on tissue graft support. MethodsThe literature related to nipple projection reconstruction based on tissue graft ...support was reviewed and summarized in terms of the advantages and disadvantages of various tissue grafts and the improved nipple projection results. ResultsLoss of nipple projection is a common cause of decreased patient's satisfaction. Reconstructing nipple projection based on tissue graft support is a more common clinical method and can be done with autologous and allogeneic tissues. Autologous tissue grafts include dermis, adipose tissue with dermis, adipose tissue, ear cartilage, rib cartilage, and contralateral nipple tissue. Autologous tissue grafts are easy to obtain and have no immune rejection, but may lead to donor area damage and prolong the surgical time for tissue collection. Allogeneic tissue grafts include acellular dermal matrix, lyophilized rib cartilage, and extracellular matrix collagen, and de
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas that also plays the primary role in stratospheric ozone depletion. The use of nitrogen fertilizers is known as the major reason for atmospheric N2O increase. ...Empirical bottom‐up models therefore estimate agricultural N2O inventories using N loading as the sole predictor, disregarding the regional heterogeneities in soil inherent response to external N loading. Several environmental factors have been found to influence the response in soil N2O emission to N fertilization, but their interdependence and relative importance have not been addressed properly. Here, we show that soil pH is the chief factor explaining regional disparities in N2O emission, using a global meta‐analysis of 1,104 field measurements. The emission factor (EF) of N2O increases significantly (p < .001) with soil pH decrease. The default EF value of 1.0%, according to IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) for agricultural soils, occurs at soil pH 6.76. Moreover, changes in EF with N fertilization (i.e. ΔEF) is also negatively correlated (p < .001) with soil pH. This indicates that N2O emission in acidic soils is more sensitive to changing N fertilization than that in alkaline soils. Incorporating our findings into bottom‐up models has significant consequences for regional and global N2O emission inventories and reconciling them with those from top‐down models. Moreover, our results allow region‐specific development of tailor‐made N2O mitigation measures in agriculture.
We identified soil pH as the chief factor modifying regional response in N2O emission to N fertilization, based on an updated global meta‐analysis of 1,104 field measurements. Both N2O emission factor (i.e. EF) and nonlinearity coefficient (i.e. ΔEF) were found to negatively correlated with soil pH. Incorporating our findings into bottom‐up models could help to construct sound global N2O inventories, to reconcile the discrepancies between top‐down and bottom‐up N2O estimates, and to develop optimized region‐specific measures for N2O mitigation from agriculture.
Seasonal characteristics of atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) were investigated with high time-resolution field measurements at an urban site of Beijing in four select months (representing four ...different seasons) from September 2015 to July 2016. The HONO concentrations displayed a pronounced seasonal profile with a maximum in autumn (2.27±1.82ppb) and a minimum in winter (1.05±0.89ppb). Significant diurnal cycles were also observed during the whole campaign. We found that the nighttime build-up of HONO was attributed to the heterogeneous conversion of NO2 on wet surface. The calculated NO2 to HONO conversion frequencies varied from 0.005h−1 in spring to 0.010h−1 in summer, with an average value of 0.008h−1. The seasonality of these conversion frequencies was closely related to the RH levels in different seasons. During daytime, large additional HONO sources were calculated. The noontime additional source was the highest in autumn 3.82ppbh−1, followed by summer 3.05ppbh−1, spring 2.63ppbh−1 and winter 1.30ppbh−1. Correlation studies between the additional HONO source and related parameters demonstrated that the controlling processes responsible for HONO daytime formation varied in different seasons, and that the photo-enhanced formation on wet surface or the photolysis of adsorbed nitric acid and nitrate could be potential HONO sources in Beijing.
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•Atmospheric HONO has been observed in Beijing over four different seasons.•Seasonality of HONO conversion frequencies was closely related to RH levels.•Daytime HONO formation was mainly controlled by the additional HONO source.•Correlation studies evidenced the key role of JNO2 for HONO formation.•Photolysis of adsorbed HNO3 and NO3− could be potential HONO source in autumn.
Measurements of speciated atmospheric mercury play a key role in identifying mercury behavior in the atmosphere. In this study, we measured speciated atmospheric mercury, including gaseous elemental ...mercury (GEM), reactive gaseous mercury (RGM), and particulate bound mercury (PBM) (<2.5 μm), in 2015 and 2016 at an urban site in Beijing, China. The mean concentrations of GEM, RGM, and PBM were 4.70 ± 3.53 ng m−3, 18.47 ± 22.27 pg m−3, and 85.18 ± 95.34 pg m−3, respectively. The concentration of PM2.5 significantly affected the distribution of reactive mercury between the gaseous and particulate phases. With the raising of PM2.5 levels, PBM concentrations increased, on the contrary, the concentrations of RGM decreased gradually. The mean concentration of PBM during air-pollution events was more than three times that during clear days. During days with air pollution, the relative humidity significantly affected the gas-particle partitioning of reactive mercury. The linear relationships between gas-particle partitioning coefficient and meteorological factors (air temperature and relative humidity) were obtained over the four seasons. The data also showed that the gas-particle partitioning coefficient of reactive mercury was related to particle composition (e.g., Cl−, BC). The data present in this paper suggested the influence of anthropogenic emissions on reactive mercury in Beijing urban. And the findings will contribute to understand the gas-particle partitioning of reactive mercury and its influencing factors with complex urban pollution.
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•Three speciated atmospheric mercury exhibited obviously seasonal and diurnal variations.•Increasing PM2.5 led to a decrease in RGM levels and an increase in PBM levels.•Temperature, relative humidity, and particle composition were important factors in determining the reactive mercury gas-particle partitioning.
PM2.5 levels influenced the RGM and PBM concentrations, and the important factors that affect the reactive mercury gas-particle partitioning were discussed.
SLC7A11-mediated cystine uptake is critical for maintaining redox balance and cell survival. Here we show that this comes at a significant cost for cancer cells with high levels of SLC7A11. Actively ...importing cystine is potentially toxic due to its low solubility, forcing cancer cells with high levels of SLC7A11 (SLC7A11
) to constitutively reduce cystine to the more soluble cysteine. This presents a significant drain on the cellular NADPH pool and renders such cells dependent on the pentose phosphate pathway. Limiting glucose supply to SLC7A11
cancer cells results in marked accumulation of intracellular cystine, redox system collapse and rapid cell death, which can be rescued by treatments that prevent disulfide accumulation. We further show that inhibitors of glucose transporters selectively kill SLC7A11
cancer cells and suppress SLC7A11
tumour growth. Our results identify a coupling between SLC7A11-associated cystine metabolism and the pentose phosphate pathway, and uncover an accompanying metabolic vulnerability for therapeutic targeting in SLC7A11
cancers.
•Rapid decomplexation of Ni-EDTA by microwave-assisted Fenton process was optimized.•Non-thermal microwave effects were verified to further enhance the decomplexation.•Microwave facilitated the ...formation of iron oxides during the oxidation reaction.•Possible mechanism for decomplexation removal of Ni-EDTA was proposed.
Microwave irradiation has been successfully combined with different kinds of advanced oxidation technologies to remove pollutants in aquatic environment due to its special heating mechanism. Here the authors presented a comprehensive study about microwave-assisted Fenton process for the rapid decomplexation of Ni-EDTA. Results showed that under the optimized reaction conditions, microwave irradiation promoted the cleavage of refractory linkages in metallic complexes, achieving 94.0% decomplexation efficiency within 10 min reaction. The decomplexation of Ni-EDTA, manifesting the decrease in the intensities of UV–Vis adsorption spectrums, was accompanied by the spontaneous increase of NH4+-N, inorganic carbon concentration, and solution pH. Radical scavenger tests confirmed that hydroxyl radical (OH) was the major reactive species for Ni-EDTA decomplexation, then superoxide anion (O2−), and singlet oxygen (1O2). By comparison experiments carried out in different oxidation processes, microwave was found to improve the OH radical generation, and accelerate the ferric speciation transformation from the ionic oligomeric species to the high polymetric species with coagulation effect. In addition, the subsequent X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of precipitate obtained after alkalinization treatment, together with element analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), indicated the formation of iron oxides such as Fe3O4, Fe2O3 in the microwave field, which might facilitate the decomposition of H2O2 to OH radicals as heterogeneous catalysts. Based on these results, both the thermal and non-thermal effects of microwave were found to be responsible for the rapid decomplexation of Ni-EDTA, and the possible mechanism of microwave-assisted Fenton was further proposed.
The electrocaloric effect (ECE) refers to conversion of thermal to electrical energy of polarizable materials and could form the basis for the next-generation refrigeration and power technologies ...that are highly efficient and environmentally friendly. Ferroelectric materials such as ceramic and polymer films exhibit large ECEs, but each of these monolithic materials has its own limitations for practical cooling applications. In this work, nanosized barium strontium titanates with systematically varied morphologies have been prepared to form polymer nanocomposites with the ferroelectric polymer matrix. The solution-processed polymer nanocomposites exhibit an extraordinary room-temperature ECE via the synergistic combination of the high breakdown strength of a ferroelectric polymer matrix and the large change of polarization with temperature of ceramic nanofillers. It is found that a sizable ECE can be generated under both modest and high electric fields, and further enhanced greatly by tailoring the morphology of the ferroelectric nanofillers such as increasing the aspect ratio of the nanoinclusions. The effect of the geometry of the nanofillers on the dielectric permittivity, polarization, breakdown strength, ECE and crystallinity of the ferroelectric polymer has been systematically investigated. Simulations based on the phase-field model have been carried out to substantiate the experimental results. With the remarkable cooling energy density and refrigerant capacity, the polymer nanocomposites are promising for solid-state cooling applications.
The problem of China's uneven and insufficient development is the most striking in the countryside. Countryside rejuvenation is of historical significance to building a moderately prosperous society ...in all respects and turning China into a modernized socialist country. The reform of rural land system is vital to integrating urban and rural development. We must allow farmers to gain their due share of value-added revenues from land, and share in the dividends of urbanization. Based on household operations, we should enhance the basic rural operation system, foster new agricultural operators, and develop modern agriculture as the foundation for revitalizing countryside industries. We must deepen agricultural supply-side structural reforms to ensure sufficient supply and security of main agricultural products. We must reform the rural collective ownership system to implement property rights to farmers and protect their interests in the context of urban and rural integration. We must promote green development and revitalize countryside ecological environment. We must enhance rural governance to revitalize rural organizations.
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations typically occur in exons 18-21 and are established driver mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
. Targeted therapies are approved for ...patients with 'classical' mutations and a small number of other mutations
. However, effective therapies have not been identified for additional EGFR mutations. Furthermore, the frequency and effects of atypical EGFR mutations on drug sensitivity are unknown
. Here we characterize the mutational landscape in 16,715 patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC, and establish the structure-function relationship of EGFR mutations on drug sensitivity. We found that EGFR mutations can be separated into four distinct subgroups on the basis of sensitivity and structural changes that retrospectively predict patient outcomes following treatment with EGFR inhibitors better than traditional exon-based groups. Together, these data delineate a structure-based approach for defining functional groups of EGFR mutations that can effectively guide treatment and clinical trial choices for patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC and suggest that a structure-function-based approach may improve the prediction of drug sensitivity to targeted therapies in oncogenes with diverse mutations.
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