An important adaptation during colonization of land by plants is gravitropic growth of roots, which enabled roots to reach water and nutrients, and firmly anchor plants in the ground. Here we provide ...insights into the evolution of an efficient root gravitropic mechanism in the seed plants. Architectural innovation, with gravity perception constrained in the root tips along with a shootward transport route for the phytohormone auxin, appeared only upon the emergence of seed plants. Interspecies complementation and protein domain swapping revealed functional innovations within the PIN family of auxin transporters leading to the evolution of gravitropism-specific PINs. The unique apical/shootward subcellular localization of PIN proteins is the major evolutionary innovation that connected the anatomically separated sites of gravity perception and growth response via the mobile auxin signal. We conclude that the crucial anatomical and functional components emerged hand-in-hand to facilitate the evolution of fast gravitropic response, which is one of the major adaptations of seed plants to dry land.
Abstract A general acoustic force field can be decomposed into a conservative gradient force (GF) and a non-conservative scattering force (SF), which have very different physical and mathematical ...properties. However, the profiles of such forces for Mie particles are unknown, let alone their underlying physics. Here, by using a fast Fourier transform approach, we calculated the GF and SF for spherical particle of various sizes and various incident waves. For the same focused incident waves, the normalized GF and SF are similar for different particle sizes, while the total force can be quite different owing to the varying relative strength between the GF and SF. GF and SF possess symmetries that are not found in the incident waves, indicating that these physically and mathematically distinct forces have symmetries that are hidden from the beam profile. For a vortex beam carrying a well-defined topological charge, acoustic forces alone cannot trap particles.
The Japanese government intends to discharge radioactive nuclear waste water from the Fukushima nuclear reactor into the Pacific Ocean, which will cause irreversible and catastrophic ocean ecological ...pollution. In response to this irresponsible practice, there are strong domestic and international objections. However, the Japanese government's decision to discharge has not been changed. This study uses evolutionary game theory to construct a game model of the optimal strategic behavior of the Japanese government, stakeholder countries, and the domestic public in the proposed nuclear waste water discharge and explores the stable equilibrium point of the strategy combination by analyzing the interests of the three decision makers. The results are shown as follows: first, the participation of stakeholder countries will prevent the Japanese government from violating the marine environmental policy. This will ensure a safe resolution of the nuclear waste water incident in Japan. Second, the participation of the Japanese public can serve as a synergistic regulation. However, there is also a possibility of a free-rider phenomenon. Third, the strategy choice of the Japanese government is mainly related to factors such as the cost of nuclear waste water treatment devices and the storage cost of nuclear waste water. Lastly, relevant countermeasures and recommendations are put forward to promote effective monitoring by stakeholder countries and domestic people. It also promotes the Japanese government to abide by the marine environmental policy. Studying the strategic choices of stakeholders can influence recommendations for the formulation of international marine environmental policies under the current situation.
The already differentiated organs in plants have a remarkable capacity to regenerate new individuals under culture conditions. Plant in vitro regeneration practically starts with the induction of a ...pluripotent cell mass, the callus, from detached organs on auxinrich callus-inducing medium (CIM), which is generally required for subsequent regeneration of new bodies. Recent studies show that CIM-induced callus formation occurs from the pericycle or pericycle-like cells through a root developmental pathway, whereas the signals involved in governing callus-forming capacity of pericycle cells remain unknown. Here we report that very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) play a critical role in confining the pericycle competence for callus formation and thus the regeneration capacity of Arabidopsis. By genetic screening, we identified the callus formationrelated 1 (cfr1) mutant, which bypasses the inhibition of callus-forming capacity in roots by solitary-root (slr/iaa14). We show that CFR1 encodes 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 1 (KCS1), which catalyzes a rate-limiting step of VLCFA biosynthesis. Our biochemical and genetic analyses demonstrate that VLCFAs restrict the pericycle competence for callus formation, at least in part, by regulating the transcription of Aberrant Lateral Root Formation 4 (ALF4). Moreover, we provide evidence that VLCFAs act as cell layer signals to mediate the pericycle competence for callus formation. Taken together, our results identify VLCFAs or their derivatives as the confining signals for mediating the pericycle competence for callus formation and thus the regeneration capacity of plant organs.
Understanding the mechanisms of crops in response to elevated CO.sub.2 concentrations is pivotal to estimating the impacts of climate change on the global agricultural production. Based on earlier ...results of the "doubling-CO.sub.2 concentration" experiments, many current climate models may overestimate the CO.sub.2 fertilization effect on crops, and meanwhile, underestimate the potential impacts of future climate change on global agriculture ecosystem when the atmospheric CO.sub.2 concentration goes beyond the optimal levels for crop growth. This study examined the photosynthetic response of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) to elevated CO.sub.2 concentration associated with changes in leaf structure, non-structural carbohydrates and nitrogen content with environmental growth chambers where the CO.sub.2 concentration was controlled at 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600 ppm. We found CO.sub.2-induced down-regulation of leaf photosynthesis as evidenced by the consistently declined leaf net photosynthetic rate (A.sub.n) with elevated CO.sub.2 concentrations. This down-regulation of leaf photosynthesis was evident in biochemical and photochemical processes since the maximum carboxylation rate (V.sub.cmax) and the maximum electron transport rate (J.sub.max) were dramatically decreased at higher CO.sub.2 concentrations exceeding their optimal values of about 600 ppm and 400 ppm, respectively. Moreover, the down-regulation of leaf photosynthesis at high CO.sub.2 concentration was partially attributed to the reduced stomatal conductance (G.sub.s) as demonstrated by the declines in stomatal density and stomatal area as well as the changes in the spatial distribution pattern of stomata. In addition, the smaller total mesophyll size (palisade and spongy tissues) and the lower nitrogen availability may also contribute to the down-regulation of leaf photosynthesis when soybean subjected to high CO.sub.2 concentration environment. Down-regulation of leaf photosynthesis associated with the changes in stomatal traits, mesophyll tissue size, non-structural carbohydrates, and nitrogen availability of soybean in response to future high atmospheric CO.sub.2 concentration and climate change.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The ubiquitination status of RIPK1 is considered to be critical for cell fate determination. However, the in vivo role for RIPK1 ubiquitination remains undefined. Here we show that mice expressing ...RIPK1
which is defective in RIPK1 ubiquitination die during embryogenesis. This lethality is fully rescued by concomitant deletion of Fadd and Ripk3 or Mlkl. Mechanistically, cells expressing RIPK1
are more susceptible to TNF-α induced apoptosis and necroptosis with more complex II formation and increased RIPK1 activation, which is consistent with the observation that Ripk1
lethality is effectively prevented by treatment of RIPK1 kinase inhibitor and is rescued by deletion of Tnfr1. However, Tnfr1
Ripk1
mice display systemic inflammation and die within 2 weeks. Significantly, this lethal inflammation is rescued by deletion of Ripk3. Taken together, these findings reveal a critical role of Lys376-mediated ubiquitination of RIPK1 in suppressing RIPK1 kinase activity-dependent lethal pathways during embryogenesis and RIPK3-dependent inflammation postnatally.
Here, Ni–Co mixed metal phosphide hollow/porous polyhedrons was successfully synthesized (expressed as NiCoP). The as-synthesized NiCoP exhibits better electrochemical properties and mechanical ...stability for hydrogen evolution reaction over a pH-universal range, with a small Tafel slopes of 72, 101, 176 mV/dec, and a low overpotential of 82, 102, 261 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4, 1 mol/L KOH and 1 mol/L phosphate buffer solution (PBS).
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Hollow nanostructures have attracted increasing research interest in hydrogen evolution reaction owing to their unique structural features. Herein, Ni–Co mixed metal phosphide hollow and porous polyhedrons was successfully composited (expressed as NiCoP). Benefiting from the synergistic effects of ZIF-67 by doping Ni elements and the well-defined hollow and porous structure, the as-synthesized NiCoP hollow and porous polyhedrons exhibit better electrochemical properties and mechanical stability for hydrogen evolution reaction over a pH-universal range, with a small Tafel slopes of 72, 101, 176 mV/dec, and a low overpotential of 82, 102, 261 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4, 1 mol/L KOH and 1 mol/L phosphate buffer solution (PBS). This general strategy can also be applied to fabricate other hollow cobalt-based phosphides and MOFs-derived materials for HER.
A unique Ni-Co based bimetallic selenide with polyhedral structure was synthesized by ion exchange and selenation using the metal organic frameworks ZIF-67 as the sacrificial template. We assembled ...the flexible hybrid supercapacitor with the synthesized Ni-Co-Se nano-polyhedron as the positive electrode material, showing outstanding electrochemical performance and mechanical stability
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Nano-polyhedral NiSe2/CoSe2 (Ni-Co-Se) with hollow architectures are synthesized by selenizing the precursors of Ni-Co bimetallic hydroxides that are directly derived from ZIF-67. The as-fabricated Ni-Co-Se electrodes exhibit high specific capacitance of 1668 F/g at 1 A/g accompanying with outstanding rate capability (about 82.8% retention of the initial capacity at 20 A/g). The corresponding Ni-Co-Se//AC all-solid-state hybrid supercapacitors are assembled by directly using the Ni-Co-Se on carbon fabric as the positive electrode, which deliver high energy density and power density (38.5 Wh/kg at 802.1 W/kg, 32.0 Wh/kg at 8008.8 W/kg), excellent cyclic stability (82.3% retention after 5000 cycle) and robust mechanical flexibility (no obvious attenuation at bending to different angles). This work will provide a new and smart route for constructing transition metal selenides for supercapacitor devices.
It is well-recognized that the gut microbiota (GM) is crucial for gut function, metabolism, and energy cycles. The GM also has effects on neurological outcomes via many mechanisms, such as metabolite ...production and the gut-brain axis. Emerging evidence has gradually indicated that GM dysbiosis plays a role in several neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease, depression, and multiple sclerosis. Several studies have observed that PD patients generally suffer from gastrointestinal disorders and GM dysbiosis prior to displaying motor symptoms, but the specific link between the GM and PD is not clearly understood. In this review, we aim to summarize what is known regarding the correlation between the GM and PD pathologies, including direct, and indirect evidence.
Here, we proposed a multistep ion exchange (cation exchange and anion exchange) strategy to synthesize amorphous Ni-Co-S and polycrystalline β-Co(OH)2 hybrid nanomaterials with a hollow polyhedron ...structure. Benefiting from synergistic effects of different components and the remarkable superiorities of hollow structure, the electrode material possesses higher energy storage performance with the higher capacity of 1440.0 C/g at 1 A/gand the corresponding hybrid supercapacitor enjoys a high energy density of 58.4 Wh/kgat the power density of 0.8 kW/kg.
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In power storage technology, ion exchange is widely used to modify the electronic structures of electrode materials to stimulate their electrochemical properties. Here, we proposed a multistep ion exchange (cation exchange and anion exchange) strategy to synthesize amorphous Ni-Co-S and β-Co(OH)2 hybrid nanomaterials with a hollow polyhedron structures. The synergistic effects of different components and the remarkable superiorities of hollow structure endow Ni-Co-S/Co(OH)2 electrode with outstanding electrochemical performance, including ultra-high specific capacity (1440.0 C/g at 1 A/g), superior capacitance retention rate (79.1% retention at 20A/g) and long operating lifespan (81.4% retention after 5000 cycles). Moreover, the corresponding hybrid supercapacitor enjoys a high energy density of 58.4 Wh/kg at the power density of 0.8 kW/kg, and a decent cyclability that the capacitances are maintained at 80.8% compared with the initial capacitance. This research presents a high-performance electrode material and provides a promising route for the construction of electrode materials for supercapacitors with both structural and component advantages.
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