The therapeutic effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-involved cancer therapies is significantly limited by shortage of oxy-substrates, such as hypoxia in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and ...insufficient hydrogen peroxide (H
O
) in chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Here, we report a H
O
/O
self-supplying nanoagent, (MSNs@CaO
-ICG)@LA, which consists of manganese silicate (MSN)-supported calcium peroxide (CaO
) and indocyanine green (ICG) with further surface modification of phase-change material lauric acid (LA). Under laser irradiation, ICG simultaneously generates singlet oxygen and emits heat to melt the LA. The exposed CaO
reacts with water to produce O
and H
O
for hypoxia-relieved ICG-mediated PDT and H
O
-supplying MSN-based CDT, acting as an open source strategy for ROS production. Additionally, the MSNs-induced glutathione depletion protects ROS from scavenging, termed reduce expenditure. This open source and reduce expenditure strategy is effective in inhibiting tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo, and significantly improves ROS generation efficiency from multi-level for ROS-involved cancer therapies.
This study reports a microfluidic chip-based wearable colorimetric sensor for detecting sweat glucose. The device consisted of five microfluidic channels branching out from the center and connected ...to the detection microchambers. The microchannels could route the sweat excreted from the epidermis to the microchambers, and each of them was integrated with a check valve to avoid the risk of the backflow of the chemical reagents from the microchamber. The microchambers contained the pre-embedded glucose oxidase (GOD)–peroxidase–o-dianisidine reagents for sensing the glucose in sweat. It was found that the color change caused by the enzymatic oxidation of o-dianisidine could show a more sensitive response to the glucose than that of the conventional GOD–peroxidase–KI system. This sensor could perform five parallel detections at one time. The obtained linear range for sweat glucose was 0.1–0.5 mM with a limit of detection of 0.03 mM. The sensor was also used to detect the glucose in sweat samples from a group of subjects engaged in both fasting and postprandial trials. The results showed that our wearable colorimetric sensor can reveal the subtle differences existing in the sweat glucose concentration after the fasting and the oral glucose uptake.
Inspired by the swimming of natural microorganisms, synthetic micro‐/nanomachines, which convert energy into movement, are able to mimic the function of these amazing natural systems and help ...humanity by completing environmental and biological tasks. While offering autonomous propulsion, conventional micro‐/nanomachines usually rely on the decomposition of external chemical fuels (e.g., H2O2), which greatly hinders their applications in biologically relevant media. Recent developments have resulted in various micro‐/nanomotors that can be powered by biocompatible fuels. Fuel‐free synthetic micro‐/nanomotors, which can move without external chemical fuels, represent another attractive solution for practical applications owing to their biocompatibility and sustainability. Here, recent developments on fuel‐free micro‐/nanomotors (powered by various external stimuli such as light, magnetic, electric, or ultrasonic fields) are summarized, ranging from fabrication to propulsion mechanisms. The applications of these fuel‐free micro‐/nanomotors are also discussed, including nanopatterning, targeted drug/gene delivery, cell manipulation, and precision nanosurgery. With continuous innovation, future autonomous, intelligent and multifunctional fuel‐free micro‐/nanomachines are expected to have a profound impact upon diverse biomedical applications, providing unlimited opportunities beyond one's imagination.
Fuel‐free synthetic micro‐/nanomachines powered by external stimuli are able to swim efficiently in biologically relevant environments. Tremendous progress made in the past decade to develop different synthesis strategies for designing and fabricating fuel‐free micro‐/nanomotors with different functionalities is reviewed. These artificial nanomachines can achieve predetermined tasks in biomedical applications.
Porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) nanostructures constructed from metal ion/ion clusters and organic bridging ligands hold great promise for biomedicine applications. The developing of ...nanoagents achieving accurate diagnosis and improved therapeutic effect is highly desirable. Herein, a new‐style versatile zirconium‐ferriporphyrin metal–organic framework (Zr‐FeP MOF) nanoshuttles is reported using a facile one‐pot hydrothermal method. The Zr‐FeP MOF nanoshuttles enable simultaneously to generate abundant reactive oxygen species including hydroxyl radical (·OH) and singlet oxygen (1O2) under a near‐infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. Significant photothermal effect of Zr‐FeP MOF nanoshuttles with photothermal conversion efficiency high to 33.7% is also demonstrated. Under a single NIR laser irradiation, the Zr‐FeP MOF nanoshuttles loaded with heat shock protein 70 siRNA efficiently suppress the tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo owing to the synergistic effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and low‐temperature photothermal therapy (PTT). Meanwhile, it exhibits good photothermal imaging, computed tomography, and photoacoustic imaging tri‐mode tumor‐specific imaging capability for tumor accurate diagnosis. This work contributes to design “all‐in‐one” nanoagents that realize multimodal imaging diagnosis and PDT and low‐temperature PTT synergistic treatments.
A new‐style versatile zirconium‐ferriporphyrin metal–organic framework (Zr‐FeP MOF) nanoshuttles is reported using a facile one‐pot hydrothermal method. The resultant siRNA loaded polyethylene glycol‐modified Zr‐FeP MOF “all‐in‐one” nanoagents have realized photoacoustic imaging, photothermal imaging, and computed tomography imaging for multimodal imaging diagnosis and photodynamic therapy/low‐temperature photothermal therapy for synergistic treatments.
Highlights
The 3D honeycomb-like fabric decorated with MXene is woven as solar evaporator.
The honeycomb structure enables light-trapping and recycling of convective and radiative heat.
The 3D ...honeycomb-fabric evaporator possesses high solar efficiency up to 93.5% under 1 sun irradiation and excellent salt harvesting ability.
Solar steam generation technology has emerged as a promising approach for seawater desalination, wastewater purification, etc. However, simultaneously achieving superior light absorption, thermal management, and salt harvesting in an evaporator remains challenging. Here, inspired by nature, a 3D honeycomb-like fabric decorated with hydrophilic Ti
3
C
2
T
x
(MXene) is innovatively designed and successfully woven as solar evaporator. The honeycomb structure with periodically concave arrays creates the maximum level of light-trapping by multiple scattering and omnidirectional light absorption, synergistically cooperating with light absorbance of MXene. The minimum thermal loss is available by constructing the localized photothermal generation, contributed by a thermal-insulating barrier connected with 1D water path, and the concave structure of efficiently recycling convective and radiative heat loss. The evaporator demonstrates high solar efficiency of up to 93.5% and evaporation rate of 1.62 kg m
−2
h
−1
under one sun irradiation. Moreover, assisted by a 1D water path in the center, the salt solution transporting in the evaporator generates a radial concentration gradient from the center to the edge so that the salt is crystallized at the edge even in 21% brine, enabling the complete separation of water/solute and efficient salt harvesting. This research provides a large-scale manufacturing route of high-performance solar steam generator.
The development of biosensors with high sensitivity and low-detection limits provides a new direction for medical and personal care. Graphene and graphene derivatives have been used to prepare ...various types of biosensors due to their excellent sensing performance (e.g., high specific surface area, extraordinary electronic properties, electron transport capabilities and ultrahigh flexibility). This perspective review focuses on graphene-based biosensors for quantitative detection of cancer-related biomarkers such as DNA, miRNA, small molecules and proteins by integrating with different signal outputting approaches including fluorescent, electrochemistry, surface plasmon resonance, surface enhanced Raman scattering, etc. The article also discussed their challenges and potential solutions along with future prospects.
This book broadly reviews the modem techniques and significant applications of chemical sensors and biosensors. Chapters are written by experts in the field – including Professor Joseph Wang, the ...most cited scientist in the world and renowned expert on sensor science who is also co-editor. Each chapter provides technical details beyond the level found in typical journal articles, and explores the application of chemical sensors and biosensors to a significant problem in biomedical science, also providing a prospectus for the future.This book compiles the expert knowledge of many specialists in the construction and use of chemical sensors and biosensors including nitric oxide sensors, glucose sensors, DNA sensors, hydrogen sulfide sensors, oxygen sensors, superoxide sensors, immuno sensors, lab on chip, implatable microsensors, et al. Emphasis is laid on practical problems, ranging from chemical application to biomedical monitoring and from in vitro to in vivo, from single cell to animal to human measurement. This provides the unique opportunity of exchanging and combining the expertise of otherwise apparently unrelated disciplines of chemistry, biological engineering, and electronic engineering, medical, physiological. * Provides user-oriented guidelines for the proper choice and application of new chemical sensors and biosensors * Details new methodological advancements related to and correlated with the measurement of interested species in biomedical samples * Contains many case studies to illustrate the range of application and importance of the chemical sensors and biosensors
Over the past few years, silica‐based nanotheranostics have demonstrated their great potential for nano/biomedical applications. However, the uncontrollable and difficult degradability of their pure ...silica framework and long‐time in vivo retention still cause severe and unpredictable toxicity risks. Therefore, it is highly desirable to design and synthesize materials with safer framework structures and compositions. To this aim, the introduction of disulfide bonds into the silica framework can not only maintain high stability in physiological conditions, but also achieve a stimuli‐responsive biodegradation triggered by intracellular reducing microenvironment in living cells, especially in cancer cells. Once nanotheranostics with disulfide (i.e., thioether)‐bridged silsesquioxane framework are taken up by tumor cells via passive or active targeting, the disulfide bonds in the hybrid silica matrix can be cleaved by a high concentration of intracellular glutathione, enabling redox‐triggered biodegradation of the nanosystems for both concomitant release of the loaded therapeutic cargo and in vivo clearance. It is envisioned that such hybrid materials comprised of disulfide‐bridged silsesquioxane frameworks can become promising responsive and biodegradable nanotheranostics. This review summarizes the recent advances in the synthesis of hybrid organosilicas with disulfide‐bridged silsesquioxane frameworks, and discuss their redox‐triggered biodegradation behaviors combined with their biocompatibility and nanobiomedical applications.
An overview of the designed synthesis of nanomaterials consisting of disulfide‐bridged organosilica frameworks, their intracellular redox‐triggered biodegradation behaviors, and emerging nanobiomedical applications is provided in this feature article.
Multifunctional theranostic platform coupling diagnostic and therapeutic functions holds great promise for personalized nanomedicine. Nevertheless, integrating consistently high performance in one ...single agent is still challenging. This work synthesized a sort of porphyrin derivatives (P) with high singlet oxygen generation ability and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) possessing good fluorescence properties. The P was conjugated to polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylated and aptamer-functionalized GQDs to gain a multifunctional theranostic agent (GQD-PEG-P). The resulting GQD-PEG-P displayed good physiological stability, excellent biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity. The intrinsic fluorescence of the GQDs could be used to discriminate cancer cells from somatic cells, whereas the large surface facilitated gene delivery for intracellular cancer-related microRNA (miRNA) detection. Importantly, it displayed a photothermal conversion efficiency of 28.58% and a high quantum yield of singlet oxygen generation up to 1.08, which enabled it to accomplish advanced photothermal therapy (PTT) and efficient photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer treatment. The combined PTT/PDT synergic therapy led to an outstanding therapeutic efficiency for cancer cell treatment.
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