BIFs (banded iron formations) in China, which account for approximately 64% of the total identified resources in the country, belong to two categories: a predominant Neoarchean Algoma-type and a few ...Paleoproterozoic Superior-type. A minor group of BIFs developed in the Neoproterozoic is also representing, having possible correlation with the “Snowball Earth” scenario. Spatially, the BIFs in China are mainly distributed in the North China Craton. They experienced intense metamorphism and deformation, which led to the majority of iron oxides changing into coarse-grained magnetites. Though their ores generally contain only 30% TFe, the BIFs are potential targets of industrial exploitation by magnetic beneficiation. On the basis of ore-forming age, host formations, mineral assemblages, and grade of the ores, the BIF-related iron deposits in China are classified into seven types. (1) Anshan-type: Neoarchean volcanic sedimentary formations with magnetite as the main ore mineral (20%≤TFe<50%); this group belongs to the Algoma-type, and is represented by the Waitoushan iron deposit in Liaoning province. (2) Yuanjiacun-type: Paleoproterozoic clastic sedimentary formation with magnetite, martite and some siderite (20%≤TFe<50%) as the major ore minerals; this group belongs to the Superior-type, and is represented by the Yuanjiacun iron deposit in Shanxi province. (3) Dalizi-type: Paleoproterozoic clasolite–carbonate formation, with magnetite, hematite and siderite as the useful minerals (20%≤TFe<50%); this group belongs to the Superior-type, and is represented by the Dalizi iron deposit in Jilin province. (4) Jingtieshan-type: Mesoproterozoic BIFs with hematite and specularite as the ore minerals (20%≤TFe<50%); this group belongs to Superior-type, and is represented by the Jingtieshan iron deposit in Gansu province. (5) Xinyu-type: Neoproterozoic banded iron formations (BIFs) with magnetite as the dominant ore mineral (20%≤TFe<50%); this group belongs to the Rapitan-type, and is represented by the Yangjiaqiao iron deposit in Jiangxi province. (6) Gongchangling-type: high-grade iron deposits developed from the Anshan-type iron deposits by late hydrothermal superimposition and reformation. The ores are mainly composed of magnetite, with TFe grade higher than 50%, and represented by mining area II of Gongchangling iron deposit in Liaoning province. (7) Shilu-type: Neoproterozoic high-grade iron deposit, mainly hematite, with TFe grade greater than 50%, represented by the Shilu iron deposit in Hainan province.
The unusual drainage pattern of the Jinsha River (upper Yangtze) is closely linked to the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, but when this pattern became established is controversial. In this study we ...compare the Pb isotopic composition of detrital K‐feldspars from the modern Jinsha River with those from the Plio‐Pleistocene Xigeda Formation, a sequence of fluvial and lacustrine deposits widely distributed along the major rivers draining the Tibetan Plateau, to investigate their relationship and to constrain the drainage evolution of the region. Our results demonstrate that the Jinsha River had achieved its current sediment‐transport pattern by the late Pliocene, indicating a drainage character similar to that operating at present. Our findings not only suggest an upper age limit for formation of the Jinsha River but also shed new light on the evolution of the whole Yangtze system. K‐feldspar grains from the Jinsha River have less radiogenic Pb than those in the Red, Mekong, and Salween Rivers, providing a key test as to whether the Jinsha River was previously connected to the paleo‐Red River. Comparison with published Pb isotopic data shows that these characteristically unradiogenic feldspars are absent in the onshore Cenozoic archive from the Hanoi Basin, suggesting that there has been no connection between the lower Jinsha River and the Red River since the Eocene.
Key Points
The sedimentary provenance of modern Jinsha River sands and fluvial and lacustrine sediments from the Plio‐Pleistocene Xigeda Formation have been investigated using Pb isotopic analyses of detrital K‐feldspar
The Jinsha River achieved its present drainage character no later than the late Pliocene
The lower Jinsha River has not been connected with the Red River since the Eocene
Evident adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) incurs high treatment costs, low quality of life, and many complications. Early screening of AIS is essential to avoid progressing to an evident stage. ...However, there is no valid serum biomarker for AIS for early screening. Antibody-based array is a large-scale study of proteins, which is expected to reveal a serum protein signature as biomarker for AIS. There are two segments of the research, including biomarkers screening and validation. In the biomarkers screening group, a total of 16 volunteers participated in this study, and we carried out differentially expressed proteins screening via protein array assay between No-AIS group and the AIS group, through which GeneSet enrichment analysis was performed. In the validation group with a total of 62 volunteers, the differentially expressed proteins from screening group were verified by Enzyme-Linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and then multiple regression analysis. In our study, there were twenty-nine differentially expressed proteins in AIS, through Protein array assay and GeneSet enrichment analysis in the biomarkers screening group. Then the expression of FAP, CD23 and B2M decreased as the degree of AIS increased via ELISA in validation group (FAP, p < 0.0001; CD23, p = 0.0002; B2M, p < 0.0001). Further, the results of multiple regression analysis showed that FAP, CD23 are linked to Cobb angle, whereas B2M were excluded because of multicollinearity. Altogether, we found that serum protein FAP and CD23 are intimately related to AIS, suggesting FAP and CD23 are expected to serve as the serum biomarkers, which significantly facilitate frequent longitudinal monitoring as to keep track of disease progression and tailor treatment accordingly.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The unusual drainage pattern in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau has been proposed to result from the breakup of a single paleo-Red River system. However, whether there or not was a major early ...Cenozoic “paleo-Red River” flowing from southeastern Tibet to the South China Sea is still highly debated. In this study, we have used Pb isotopic analyses of detrital K-feldspar to constrain the sedimentary provenance of the Cenozoic deposits from the onshore Jianchuan Basin and offshore Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins, and further to decipher the drainage evolution of the upper-middle Yangtze and Red Rivers. Detrital K-feldspar from the Baoxiangsi Formation in the Jianchuan Basin shows an apparent mixture of sand delivery from both the upper Yangtze and Yalong rivers, indicating that there was a river draining the Qiangtang Block and Songpan-Ganzi that used to flow through the Jianchuan Basin during the Eocene. In contrast, K-feldspar Pb isotopes from the Eocene to Pliocene deposits of the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins are different from those of the Jianchun Basin and Yangtze, Salween, and Mekong rivers, but similar to that of the modern Red River. These lines of evidence suggest that major rivers draining southeastern Tibet have not been tributaries of the paleo-Red River and hence, there has been no fluvial connection between southeastern Tibet and the South China Sea since at least the late Eocene.
•Sedimentary provenance of the Jianchuan,Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins were constrained by Pb-in-K-feldspar.•There was a river draining the Qiangtang and Songpan-Ganzi that used to flow through the Jianchuan Basin during the Eocene.•Sedimentary provenance of the YGHB and QDNB has been similar to the modern Red River since the late Eocene.•No fluvial connection between southeastern Tibet and the South China Sea since at least the late Eocene.
The Lesser Xing'an Range is located in the eastern segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. It hosts an important polymetallic metallogenic belt that contains more than 20 large- to small-scale ...porphyry Mo, epithermal Au, and skarn Fe-polymetallic deposits. The Cuihongshan Fe-polymetallic deposit is one of the largest polymetallic deposits in northeastern China. To better understand the formation of the Cuihongshan Fe-polymetallic deposit, we investigated the geological characteristics of the Cuihongshan deposit and applied geochemistry and geochronology to constrain the timing of the mineralization, and characteristics of the magmas. Zircon U-Pb dating of the alkali-feldspar granite and monzogranite yielded weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages of 495 ± 1.6 and 203 ± 1 Ma, respectively. Re-Os dating on molybdenite yielded an isochron age of 203.2 ± 1.4 Ma, and 40Ar/39Ar dating on phlogopite yielded an age of 203.4 ± 1.3 Ma. These data suggest that mineralization occurred during the Late Triassic, and is closely related with the monzogranite emplacement. These rocks belong to the high-K calc-alkaline and subalkaline series, are enriched in Rb, U, and Th, are depleted in Nb, Ta, and Ti, and show strong Eu anomalies, implying that they are A-type post-orogenic rocks. The Cuihongshan Fe-polymetallic formation is possibly related to an extensional environment resulting from the final closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The blockage of autophagic flux in chondrocytes has been considered as a major reason for the excessive cellular apoptosis and senescence in osteoarthritis (OA) development; however, the molecular ...mechanism and therapeutic strategy for interrupted autophagic flux is still not clear. Most recently, the transcription factor EB (TFEB) is identified as a master regulator for autophagic flux via initiating the expression of multiple autophagy-related genes and lysosomal biogenesis. This research was performed to confirm whether TFEB expression and activity are impacted in OA development and to confirm the effect of genetic up-regulation of TFEB on autophagic flux and cellular protection in the in vitro and in vivo models of OA. We demonstrated that the expression and nuclear localization of TFEB is decreased in human and mouse OA cartilage as well as in tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)-treated chondrocytes. Applying lentivirus to transfect chondrocytes, we found that TFEB overexpression rescues the TBHP-induced the autophagic flux damage, lysosome dysfunction and protects chondrocyte against TBHP induced apoptosis and senescence; these protections of TFEB are diminished by chloroquine-medicated autophagy inhibition. Our destabilized medial meniscus (DMM) mouse OA model shows that TFEB overexpression ameliorates the surgery-induced cartilage degradation, restrains the apoptosis and senescence of chondrocyte, and enhances the autophagic flux. In summary, our study indicates that the activity of TFEB in chondrocyte is involved in OA development, also TFEB overexpression may be a promising strategy for OA treatment.
Wound healing is delayed in diabetic patients. Increased apoptosis and endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) dysfunction are implicated in delayed diabetic wound healing. Melatonin, a major secretory ...product of the pineal gland, promotes diabetic wound healing; however, its mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, EPCs were isolated from the bone marrow of mice. Treatment of EPCs with melatonin alleviated advanced glycation end product (AGE)-induced apoptosis and cellular dysfunction. We further examined autophagy flux after melatonin treatment and found increased light chain 3 (LC3) and p62 protein levels in AGE-treated EPCs. However, lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 expression was decreased, indicating that autophagy flux was impaired in EPCs treated with AGEs. We then evaluated autophagy flux after melatonin treatment and found that melatonin increased the LC3 levels, but attenuated the accumulation of p62, suggesting a stimulatory effect of melatonin on autophagy flux. Blockage of autophagy flux by chloroquine partially abolished the protective effects of melatonin, indicating that autophagy flux is involved in the protective effects of melatonin. Furthermore, we found that the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway is involved in autophagy flux stimulation by melatonin. An in vivo study also illustrated that melatonin treatment ameliorated impaired wound healing in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic wound healing model. Thus, our study shows that melatonin protects EPCs against apoptosis and dysfunction via autophagy flux stimulation and ameliorates impaired wound healing in vivo, providing insight into its mechanism of action in diabetic wound healing.
Detrital muscovite and biotite 40Ar/39Ar analyses are useful tools for studying regional tectonic histories, sediment provenances and paleo-drainage reconstructions. During transport and recycling of ...detrital micas physical and chemical weathering occurs. This process effects the grain size and age populations ultimately found in river sediments, but is often ignored in provenance studies. Here, we present detrital muscovite and biotite 40Ar/39Ar results of 15 modern sediments from the Yangtze River to address the impact of grainsize on provenance age populations. The beam intensities of 39Ar, formed from 39K by neutron capture reaction during sample irradiation, have been used as an index for grain size. We found that relatively older detrital mica ages of the Yangtze River are often characterized by small 39Ar signals (i.e., grain sizes), and large grain sizes correspond to younger grains. This observation is also revealed by reanalysis of previously reported detrital mica studies in other major river systems (Red and Brahmaputra rivers) and sediments (Scotian Basin, Canada and Antarctic) and probably results from physical and chemical weathering during transport and recycling. Our Yangtze results indicate that detrital muscovite and biotite ages of grainsize ranging from 100 to 1000 μm cover all age components as identified in all dated grains (with a size of >100 μm), and thus indicate that detrital mica 40Ar/39Ar analyses should include also small grains from >100 μm to reduce the effects of hydraulic sorting and weathering. Grainsizes smaller than 100 μm have not been tested in this study, but will be more difficult to date due to both smaller beam intensities and possible recoil effects.
Forkhead box (Fox) family, an evolutionarily conserved family of transcription factors carrying the "Forkhead" motif, plays an indispensable role in human health and disease. Fox family genes are ...involved in cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis, embryonic development, aging, glucose and lipid metabolism, and immune regulation. The regulatory role of the Fox family in the context of bone metabolism and orthopedic diseases is an emerging research hotspot. In this review, we highlight the major molecular mechanisms underlying the regulatory role of Fox factors in bone metabolism, bone development, bone homeostasis, and bone diseases associated with inhibition or upregulation of Fox factors. In addition, we discuss the emerging evidence in the realm of Fox factor-based therapeutics.
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