Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune blistering disease that primarily affects elderly individuals. The presentation of BP is heterogeneous, typically manifesting as microscopic subepidermal ...separation with a mixed inflammatory infiltrate. The mechanism of pemphigoid development is unclear. B cells play a major role in pathogenic autoantibody production, and T cells, type II inflammatory cytokines, eosinophils, mast cells, neutrophils, and keratinocytes are also implicated in the pathogenesis of BP. Here, we review the roles of and crosstalk between innate and adaptive immune cells in BP.
Accurate prediction of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation is necessary for choosing appropriate waste treatment methods and for planning the distribution of disposal facilities. In this study, a ...hybrid model was established to forecast MSW generation through the combination of the ridge regression and GM(1,N) models. The hybrid model is multivariate and involves total urban population, total retail sales of social consumer goods, per capita consumption expenditure of urban areas, tourism, and college graduation. Compared with the constituent models alone, the hybrid model yields higher accuracy, with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of only 2.59%. Through weight allocation and optimal treatment of residuals, the hybrid model also balances the growth trends of the individual models, making the prediction curve smoother. The model coefficients and correlation analysis show that population, economics, and educational factors are influential for waste generation. MSW output in Hangzhou will gradually increase in the future, and is expected to reach 5.12 million tons in 2021. Results can help decision makers to develop the measures and policies of waste management in the future.
This study summarized global examples of landfill slope instability over the past 40 years, then selected 62 cases from 22 different counties to analyse the primary factors causing landfill ...instability. Three slope instability modes in landfill were categorized according to the position of the slip surface: (1) slip surfaces generated inside the waste pile; (2) slip surfaces that pass through the foundation soil; and (3) slip surfaces that occur along the interface between the bottom liner and the municipal solid waste (MSW) pile. These three types of slope instability modes account for 69.4%, 19.32% and 11.28% of all slope instability, respectively. Moreover, five primary causes of landfill instability were identified. A high landfill leachate level was the dominant cause, accounting for 40.32% of cases. This was followed by inadequate compaction of MSW, which accounted for 22.58% of cases, and insufficiently bearing capacity of the foundation, which accounted for 19.35% of cases. Moreover, low shear strength of the liner–MSW interface and rapid release or deflagration of landfill gas were critical factors affecting landfill stability. Factors of safety were calculated using GeoStudio software for selected landfills in China (Maoershan and Xiaping) and Sri Lanka (Meethotamulla). Results from this study are expected to contribute to the prevention and control of landfill failure.
Objective: To investigate training at different intensity levels on cardiac function, exercise capacity, and health-related quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure.Methods: This ...prospective cohort study enrolled patients with chronic heart failure at Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Beijing, China from January 2018 to January 2020. Participants received conventional therapy (non-exercise group) or therapy plus cycle ergometer exercises at an intensity of 80% anaerobic threshold (EA group) and Δ50% power above anaerobic threshold (EB group) for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was peak oxygen uptake.Results: Forty-five patients (15/group) completed the study without serious complications. Exercise training at an intensity of Δ50% power above anaerobic threshold had better effects on exercise capacity than exercise at an intensity of 80% anaerobic threshold, as shown by a greater improvement in peak oxygen uptake (20.3 ± 4.1 vs 16.8 ± 3.2 mL/min/kg), peak O2 pulse (12.5 ± 2.3 vs 10.1 ± 2.1 mL/beat), and peak workload (123.1 ± 26.9 vs 102.8 ± 29.5 W) in patients with chronic heart failure (all p < 0.001). Exercise improved the 6-min walk test distance (control: 394.0 ± 74.1; EA: 481.4 ± 89.4; EB: 508.9 ± 92.5 m; p < 0.001) and health-related quality of life (control: 40.7 ± 12.3; EA: 16.2 ± 8.6; EB: 11.5 ± 6.4; p < 0.001).Conclusion: Compared with an intensity of 80% anaerobic threshold, exercise training at an intensity of Δ 50% power above anaerobic threshold was safe and had better effects on cardiac function, exercise capacity, and health-related quality of life.
LAY ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to investigate training at different intensity levels on cardiac function, exercise capacity, and health-related quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure. Exercise training at an intensity of Δ 50% power above anaerobic threshold (mild anaerobic exercise) had better effects on exercise capacity than non-exercise and intensity of 80% anaerobic threshold (aerobic exercise). In addition, exercise resulted in improved health-related quality of life compared with non-exercise. Therefore, the benefit may be greater if the exercise intensity is increased appropriately under safe conditions.
Basidioma is the fruiting body of mushroom species. The deep understanding on the mechanism of basidioma development is valuable for mushroom breeding and cultivation. From winter mushroom (
...Flammulina velutipes
), one of the top five industrially cultivated mushrooms, a novel putative Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factor LFC1 with negative regulatory function in basidioma development was identified. The transcript level of
lfc1
was dramatically decreased during basidioma development. Neither overexpression nor knockdown of
lfc1
affected hyphal vegetative growth. However, knockdown of
lfc1
could promote basidioma development and shorten cultivation time by 2 days, while overexpression of
lfc1
delayed the optimal harvest time by 3 days. In the
lfc1
knockdown strain, in which the
lfc1
expression was reduced by 72%, mushroom yield and biological efficiency could be increased at least by 24%. Knockdown of
lfc1
did not affect the shape of caps but significantly increased basidioma length and number, while its overexpression did not affect basidioma length but dramatically reduced basidioma number. In addition, rather than producing basidiomata with round caps as in wild type, the caps of basidiomata in the
lfc1
overexpression mutants were significantly larger and the cap edge was wrinkled. RNA-seq analysis revealed that 455 genes had opposite transcriptional responses to
lfc1
overexpression and knockdown. Some of them were previously reported as genes involved in basidioma development, including 3 hydrophobin encoding genes, 2 lectin encoding genes,
FVFD16
, an Eln2 ortholog encoding gene, and 3 genes encoding membrane components. As LFC1 homologs are widely present in mushroom species,
lfc1
can be useful in mushroom breeding.
Key Points
• A novel transcription factor LFC1 negatively regulates fruiting in winter mushroom
• LFC1 regulated transcription of more than 400 genes.
• Reduction of LFC1 expression could shorten cultivation time and increase yield.
• lfc1 could be a potentially useful reference gene for mushroom breeding.
This study aimed to investigate the compression behaviors of mechanically biologically treated (MBT) wastes. For this purpose, the short-term compression-rebound and long-term compression tests were ...conducted on MBT wastes collected from Hangzhou Tianziling landfill in China. The results showed that the duration of immediate compression was obtained as 15.17–36.67 h and was comparable to municipal solid waste (MSW). The immediate compression ratio was 0.233–0.247, and it was comparable to the aged high food waste content (HFWC)-MSW, fresh and aged low food waste content (LFWC)-MSW, but much lower than the fresh HFWC-MSW. The mechanical creep ratio (
C′
αc
) was 0.012–0.018, being close to the fresh and aged MSWs. The bio-induced compression ratio (
C′
αb
) was 0.143–0.174. The compression ratio rose exponentially with temperature (5–42 °C) in both mechanical creep stage and bio-induced compression stage, and it increased much faster in the bio-induced compression stage. The resilient strains was only 2.1–3.3% of the compression strain at the same stress interval, suggesting that the compression strain consisted of mostly plastic deformation and negligible elastic deformation. The above findings can provide a reference for settlement prediction and storage capacity estimation of an MBT waste landfill.
Mechanically and biologically treated (MBT) waste has significant characteristics such as high stability and low moisture content, which can reduce water, soil, and gas pollution in subsequent ...treatments. This pre-treatment method is environmentally friendly and sustainable and has become a popular research topic in the field of environmental geotechnical engineering. Using a direct shear test apparatus and five shearing rates (0.25, 1, 5, 10, and 20 mm/min), the shear strength characteristics of MBT waste at the Hangzhou Tianziling Landfill were studied. The results indicate the following: (1) With the increase in horizontal shear displacement, the shear stress of MBT waste gradually increases without a peak stress phenomenon, which is a displacement hardening curve; (2) the shear strength increases with an increase in the shearing displacement rate, and the sensitivity coefficient is 0.64–2.66; (3) a shear strength, shearing rate, and normal stress correlation model is established, and the model has a high degree of fit with the overall experimental data; (4) cohesion (
c
), internal friction angle (
φ
), and the logarithm of the shearing rate are linear; (5) the range of
c
of MBT waste is 22.32–39.51 kPa, and
φ
is 64.24–68.52°. Meanwhile, the test data are compared with the test data in the literature. The ranges of
c
and
φ
of municipal solid waste determined via the shear test are found to be wider than those of MBT waste. The results of this study can provide a reference for the stability calculation of MBT landfills.
Enterococcus faecalis
(
E. faecalis
) belongs to lactic acid bacteria which can be used as a probiotic additive and feed, bringing practical value to the health of humans and animals. The prebiotic ...function of tea polyphenols lays a foundation for green tea polyphenols (GTP) to repair the adverse changes of
E. faecalis
under stress conditions. In this study, RNA-sequence analysis was used to explore the protective effect of GTP on
E. faecalis
under bile salt stress. A total of 50 genes were found to respond to GTP under bile salts stress, containing 18 up-regulated and 32 down-regulated genes. The results showed that multiple genes associated with cell wall and membrane, transmembrane transport, nucleotide transport and metabolism were significantly differentially expressed (
P
< 0.05), while GTP intervention can partly alleviate the detrimental effects of bile salt on amino acid metabolism and transport. The present study provides the whole genome transcriptomics of
E. faecalis
under bile salt stress and GTP intervention which help us understand the growth and mechanism of continuous adaptation of
E. faecalis
under stress conditions.
The human body is home to a complex community of dynamic equilibrium microbiota, including bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. It is known that the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in ...regulating innate and adaptive immune responses, intestinal peristalsis, intestinal barrier homeostasis, nutrient uptake, and fat distribution. The complex relationship between the host and microbiome suggests that when this relationship is out of balance, the microbiome may contribute to disease development. The brain–gut–microbial axis is composed of many signal molecules, gastrointestinal mucosal cells, the vagus nerve, and blood–brain barrier, which plays an essential role in developing many diseases. The microbiome can influence the central nervous system function through the brain–gut axis; the central nervous system can also affect the composition and partial functions of the gut microbiome in the same way. Different dietary patterns, specific dietary components, and functional dietary factors can significantly affect intestinal flora’s structure, composition, and function, thereby affecting human health. Based on the above, this paper reviewed the relationship between diet, intestinal flora, and human health, and the strategies to prevent mental illness through the dietary modification of intestinal microorganisms.
With the coming of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games, China’s artificial ice rink construction will be in rapid development. A parametric evaluation of the cooling pipe in a direct evaporation ...rink was performed by numerical simulation. The results showed that the influence of the temperature of the antifreeze pipe on the ice surface temperature can be ignored. The evaporation temperature of the working medium in the cooling pipe is between −32 °C and −22.4 °C to ensure the ice surface temperature is between −5 °C and −3 °C. With the increase in the cooling pipe spacing, the required evaporation temperature of the working medium in the cooling pipe and the uniformity of the ice surface temperature decreased. The required evaporation temperature of the working medium in the cooling pipe decreases by 1.2–1.5 °C for every 10 mm increment of spacing. With the increase in the cooling pipe diameter, the required evaporation temperature of the working medium in the cooling pipe and the uniformity of the ice surface temperature increase. The required evaporation temperature of the working medium in the cooling pipe increases by 2.2–2.9 °C for every 5 mm increment of diameter. The maximum temperature difference of ice surface temperature ranged from 0.004 °C to 0.111 °C.
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