Plant endophytes exhibit an excellent ability to promote plant growth and control plant diseases. However, the influence of long‐term fertilisation regimes on the diversity and community of plant ...endophytes has seldom been reported. In this research, Illumina MiSeq sequencing was used to investigate the effect of 34 years of different fertilisation regimes on the diversity and community of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaf endophytes. Results showed that different fertilisation regimes could significantly influence the diversity and community of wheat leaf endophytes. The diversity of leaf endophytes after organic manure fertilisation was different from the diversity after chemical fertilisation and no fertilisation. The endophyte community was significantly different under different fertilisation regimes. Pseudomonas has higher abundance after chemical and organic manure fertilisation than in the no fertilisation treatment. The abundance of Brevundimonas in the organic manure fertilisation treatment group is higher than in chemical and no fertilisation treatment. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the endophyte communities in the chemical and organic manure fertilisation were positively correlated with wheat height, stem diameter, leaf area and yield. This research lays the foundations for understanding the diversity and community of wheat leaf endophytes under different fertilisation regimes and provides useful information for further scientific research on fertilisation.
Different fertilisation regimes could significantly influence the diversity and community of wheat leaf endophytes. The diversity of leaf endophytes after organic manure fertilisation was different from the diversity after chemical fertilisation and no fertilisation.
Endive (Cichorium endivia L.) is an annual or biennial herbaceous plant which belongs to the Asteraceae family, widely distributed, and grown worldwide. During the March of 2022, a disease with leaf ...spot symptoms was observed on Cichorium endivia L in 35% of the planted area in a farm field in Ding xi city, Gansu Province, China. Disease symptoms were observed in leaves of endives with pinpoint-sized green spots. The entire plant turns yellow and wilts, and becomes dry starting in the center until it splits or cracks. The K1 strain isolated from infected plants was identified as Epicoccum nigrum based on morphological characteristics, culture features, and molecular identification. To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. nigrum causing leaf spots on endive (Cichorium endivia L.) in China.
•The first report of Epicoccum nigrum Causing Leaf Spot of Endive in China.•This can be helpful for the control of bitterchrysanthemum leaf spot.
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•Effect of ripening on pulsed vacuum drying behavior of goji berry was explored.•Ripening stage changes goji’s phytochemicals, ultrastructure and moisture status.•Ripening stage ...influences goji drying characteristics and physicochemical quality.•Lower maturity samples hold shorter drying time, while suffer more severe browning.•PVD promoted rupture and transformation of pectin and by thus enhanced browning.
In current work, the effect of ripening stages (I, II, and III) on pulsed vacuum drying (PVD) behavior of goji berry was explored. The shortest drying time of goji berry was observed at stage I (6.99 h) which was 13.95 %, and 28.85 % shorter than those at stages II, and III, respectively. This phenomenon was closely associated with the ripening stage, as contributed by the initial physiochemical differences, ultrastructure alterations, and moisture distribution. In addition, lower maturity suffered more severe browning, primarily due to the enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions of phenolics, followed by pigment degradation and the Maillard reaction. Additionally, the PVD process promoted the rupture and transformation of the pectin fractions, also causing browning either directly or indirectly through participation in other chemical reactions. These findings suggest that the appropriate ripening stage of goji berry should be considered as having a significant impact on drying behaviors and quality attributes.
•A fast method for the simultaneous determination of 11 additives.•HPLC coupled with DAD and MS/MS methods are used.•Good recoveries in the range of 75.2–113.8%.•Suitable for the routine monitoring ...analysis of 11 additives.
In this study, an efficient, fast and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of eleven synthetic color additives (Allura red, Amaranth, Azo rubine, Brilliant blue, Erythrosine, Indigotine, Ponceau 4R, New red, Sunset yellow, Quinoline yellow and Tartrazine) in flour and meat foodstuffs is developed and validated using HPLC coupled with DAD and MS/MS. The color additives were extracted with ammonia–methanol and was further purified with SPE procedure using Strata-AW column in order to reduce matrix interference. This HPLC–DAD method is intended for a comprehensive survey of color additives in foods. HPLC–MS/MS method was used as the further confirmation and identification. Validation data showed the good recoveries in the range of 75.2–113.8%, with relative standard deviations less than 15%. These methods are suitable for the routine monitoring analysis of eleven synthetic color additives due to its sensitivity, reasonable time and cost.
•Magnetic mixed hemimicelles SPE was used for enrichment of illegal cationic dyes.•SDS-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles were used for magnetic separation.•Cationic dyes were selectively enriched in acidic ...sample solution.•The main HPLC interferences, natural pigments, were eliminated.•The magnetic SPE was used for determination of illegal dyes in food matrices.
In this study, mixed hemimicelles solid-phase extraction (MHSPE) based on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) coated nano-magnets Fe3O4 was investigated as a novel method for the extraction and separation of four banned cationic dyes, Auramine O, Rhodamine B, Basic orange 21 and Basic orange 22, in condiments prior to HPLC detection. The main factors affecting the extraction of analysts, such as pH, surfactant and adsorbent concentrations and zeta potential were studied and optimized. Under optimized conditions, the proposed method was successful applied for the analysis of banned cationic dyes in food samples such as chili sauce, soybean paste and tomato sauce. Validation data showed the good recoveries in the range of 70.1–104.5%, with relative standard deviations less than 15%. The method limits of determination/quantification were in the range of 0.2–0.9 and 0.7–3μgkg−1, respectively. The selective adsorption and enrichment of cationic dyes were achieved by the synergistic effects of hydrophobic interactions and electrostatic attraction between mixed hemimicelles and the cationic dyes, which also resulted in the removal of natural pigments interferences from sample extracts. When applied to real samples, RB was detected in several positive samples (chili powders) within the range from 0.042 to 0.177mgkg−1. These results indicate that magnetic MHSPE is an efficient and selective sample preparation technique for the extraction of banned cationic dyes in a complex matrix.
White clover (Trifolium repens L.) belongs to the Fabaceae family legume and is cultivated in China for its medicinal properties and ornamental value. White clover is grown around the world for ...forage, turf , green manure and soil conservation purposes (Zhang el al. 2016). In October 2021, an investigation of a 1,000 m2 plant nursery in Lanzhou, China (36°06'N, 103°83'E) found that 80% of White clover plants were infected, and powdery mildew covered 95% of the leaf area. The disease had seriously destroyed the forage quality and reduced the ornamental value. Initially, thin, radial, irregular white colonies appeared on leaves and gradually spread to stems. The white colonies then expanded and thickened to cover upper surface of the leaf, and microscopic hyphae appeared on the bottom of the leaf. In severe cases, the infection resulted in dieback of the leaf. A small area of sporulating fungus was stripped off from the leaf surface with tape and mounted in sterile water for microscopic examination (Mukhtar et al. 2017). Conidiophores were cylindrical, consisting of a foot cell followed by three to four short cells, measuring 75 to 160 × 7 to 10 μm. Conidiophores had straight, cylindric foot cells ranging from 25 to 40 µm long. Singly produced conidia were hyaline and ranged in shape from oblong to cylindrical. Conidia lacked distinct fibrotic bodies and measured 30 to 45 × 15 to 25 μm in length. Long, unbranched germ tubes formed from the ends of the conidia and nipple-shaped appressoria developed on epiphytic mycelia. Based on these morphological characteristics, the pathogen was initially identified morphologically as Erysiphe polygoni (Braun and Cook 2012). To validate the identity, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the pathogen (SY77) rDNA was amplified by PCR and sequenced using the ITS1/ITS4 primers (White et al. 1990). The resulting sequences were registered to GenBank (GenBank Accession No.OM280998). The ITS sequence of the SY77 was 100% (640/640) identical to E. polygoni (LC009892) on Polygonum aviculare in the United Kingdom and 99% (638/640) identical to E. polygoni (MK685172) on Antigonon leptopus in Taiwan. MEGA 7.0 was used to conduct the neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis using the ITS sequences from GenBank. The data indicated that the strain SY77 and E. polygoni clustered together on the same branch. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by gently pressing the infected leaves onto five healthy potted White clover plants, while five non-inoculated plants were used as controls (Michael et al. 2021). The plants were maintained in a growth chamber (25 ℃, 14 h light, and 10 h dark period, RH > 80%). After 10 days, the inoculated plants developed powdery mildew symptoms, whereas the control plants remained symptom-free. The fungus on the inoculated plants was re-isolated, re-identified, and confirmed as E. polygoni based on morphological observations and molecular identification. There is no previous report on E. polygoni causing powdery mildew on White clover in China. The powdery mildew caused by E. polygoni on Red clover has been reported in China and Bulgaria, respectively (Yuan el al.1991; Galina el al. 2017). To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew caused by E. polygoni on White clover in China. References: 1. Zheng, L., et al. 2018. Plant Dis. 102:628. 2. Mukhtar, G., et al. 2017. Plant Dis.101:1, 246. 3. Braun, U., and Cook, R. T. A. 2012. Taxonomic Manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews), CBS Biodiversity Series No.11. CBS, Utrecht. 4. Michael, R. F., et al. 2021.Plant Dis. First look.( doi.org/ 10.1094/PDIS-09-21-2060-PDN). 5. Yuan, Q. H., el al.1991. Pratacult Sci.05:59 (in Chinese). 6. Galina, N., et al, 2017. BIOTECHNOL Anim Husb.33.127.
Oocytes and embryos are highly sensitive to environmental stress in vivo and in vitro. During in vitro culture, many stressful conditions can affect embryo quality and viability, leading to adverse ...clinical outcomes such as abortion and congenital abnormalities. In this study, we found that valeric acid (VA) increased the mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP content, decreased the level of reactive oxygen species that the mitochondria generate, and thus improved mitochondrial function during early embryonic development in pigs. VA decreased expression of the autophagy-related factors LC3B and BECLIN1. Interestingly, VA inhibited expression of autophagy-associated phosphorylation-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), phosphorylation-UNC-51-like autophagy-activated kinase 1 (p-ULK1, Ser555), and ATG13, which reduced apoptosis. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) can signal through G-protein-coupled receptors on the cell membrane or enter the cell directly through transporters. We further show that the monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) was necessary for the effects of VA on embryo quality, which provides a new molecular perspective of the pathway by which SCFAs affect embryos. Importantly, VA significantly inhibited the AMPK-ULK1 autophagic signaling pathway through MCT1, decreased apoptosis, increased expression of embryonic pluripotency genes, and improved embryo quality.
•VA significantly increased blastocyst formation rate, mitochondrial activity, while decreasing reactive oxygen species accumulation.•MCT1-mediated VA uptake could promote ATP production and inhibited p-AMPK in the embryo.•VA regulates the AMPK-ULK1 pathway to reduce autophagy and apoptosis and improve early embryo quality.
The neuropeptides orexin-A and orexin-B are produced by one group of neurons located in the lateral hypothalamic/perifornical area. However, the orexins are widely released in entire brain including ...various central motor control structures. Especially, the loss of orexins has been demonstrated to associate with several motor deficits. Here, we first summarize the present knowledge that describes the anatomical and morphological connections between the orexin system and various central motor control structures. In the next section, the direct influence of orexins on related central motor control structures is reviewed at molecular, cellular, circuitry, and motor activity levels. After the summarization, the characteristic and functional relevance of the orexin system's direct influence on central motor control function are demonstrated and discussed. We also propose a hypothesis as to how the orexin system orchestrates central motor control in a homeostatic regulation manner. Besides, the importance of the orexin system's phasic modulation on related central motor control structures is highlighted in this regulation manner. Finally, a scheme combining the homeostatic regulation of orexin system on central motor control and its effects on other brain functions is presented to discuss the role of orexin system beyond the pure motor activity level, but at the complex behavioral level.
Fences are one of the most effective measures to prevent and control wind-blown sand disasters, and the blocking effect of fences is largely determined by their porosity and height (
H
). This study ...employed wind tunnel experiments to measure wind velocities on both sides of wire mesh sand fences with porosities of 75%, 63%, 56%, 36% and heights of 10, 5 and 2 cm. The effects of porosity and height on the blocking effect of the fences were evaluated on the basis of velocity variability, flow field, and the wind velocity reduction coefficient. Results show that the smaller the porosity, the stronger the blocking effect. The fence with a porosity of 36% had the strongest windproof efficiency of 0.70 and longest protection range of 9
H
, and thus showed the best applicability in preventing and controlling wind-blown sand disasters. The fence with a porosity of 56% showed a windproof efficiency of 0.31 and a protection range of 7
H
, which could be considered for adoption. However, fences with porosities of 75% and 63% were not recommended to be adopted, because their windproof efficiency and protection range were very small. Overall, the higher the fence, the stronger the blocking effect. The highest fence (10 cm) had the longest protection range of 90 cm, which was the best in application. Nevertheless, the 5 and 2 cm fences were almost consistent with 10 cm fence in windproof efficiency, which was still suitable for wind and sand fixation.
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