Purpose
Enhanced-view totally extraperitoneal plasty (eTEP) has been used worldwide to repair ventral hernias. This study aimed to describe a novel technique to insert ports and create retromuscular ...space in more detail.
Methods
From 2020 to 2022, 23 consecutive ventral hernia repairs were performed using the eTEP technique. In all cases, inside-to-outside puncture following endoscopic localization was utilized to insert ports and create retromuscular space.
Results
All cases were completed with the eTEP technique, and no cases with conversion to open repair or IPOM technique. There were no epigastric vessel injuries and posterior sheath tears due to puncture. In addition, no postoperative hematoma cases were reported.
Conclusion
Inside-to-outside puncture following endoscopic localization to insert ports and create retromuscular space is a safe, feasible, reproducible technique in eTEP for ventral hernia repair.
Summary
The overuse of veterinary antibiotics in animal production and the subsequent land applications of manures contribute to the elevated antibiotic resistance in the soil environment. To ...minimize the risk of antibiotic resistance, it is important to understand the fate of antibiotics and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from animal production systems to soil. In this paper, we review recent studies on veterinary antibiotic use, the concentrations of antibiotics and the abundance and diversity of AGRs in animal manures and in soil that receives manures or manure composts. The mechanisms of ARG dissemination in the environment are also discussed. Although we focus on China where around 3 billion tons of animal manures are produced and more than 84 000 tons of antibiotics are consumed annually in animal production industries, the problem is worldwide. Approximately 58% of the veterinary antibiotics consumed are excreted into the environment, more than half of which end up in the soil. The abundance of ARGs in manures can reach up to 10−1 of the 16S rRNA genes. Applications of manures or manure composts can enrich soil ARGs in at least three ways: (i) by the direct introduction of manure‐derived ARGs, (ii) by elevating the intrinsic soil ARGs and (iii) by imposing a selection of ARGs with the antibiotics in the manures. We also discuss the need for more stringent regulations on the use of veterinary antibiotics and future research directions on the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and resistance management.
Highlights
Soil is a natural reservoir of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs).
Manure applications introduce antibiotics and enrich soil ARGs through different mechanisms.
Horizontal gene transfer plays an important role in the spread of ARGs from manures.
More stringent regulations are needed to reduce the spread of ARG from animal sources.
A new N-functionalized strategy of nitrogen heterocycles was utilized for the synthesis of nitroazole-based energetic materials, giving rise to a new family of highly dense and oxygen-rich energetic ...materials. They were characterized by IR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, DSC, and X-ray diffraction. These new molecules exhibit high densities, moderate to good thermal stabilities, acceptable impact and friction sensitivities, and excellent detonation properties, which suggest potential applications as energetic materials or oxidizers. Interestingly, among tetrazole-based CHNO energetic materials compound 5 has the highest measured density of 1.97 g cm super(-3) to date. 5c is the first and the only heterocyclic CHNO energetic salt with a positive OB until now. Compounds 5 and 6 exhibit excellent detonation properties (38.5 GPa, 9.22 km s super(-1); 37.0 GPa, 9.05 km s super(-1)), comparable to the highly explosive HMX. With high OB, the specific impulses of 5, 5b, 5c, and 6c are superior to those of AP and ADN as neat compounds, and the ratio of oxidizer/aluminium/PBAN (%) is 80 : 20 : 0 or 80 : 13 : 7. Furthermore, computational results, BDEs, Mulliken charges and Wiberg bond orders also support the superior qualities of the newly prepared compounds and the design strategy.
Abstract Introduction Cranial endplates of human vertebrae are injured more often than caudal, in both young and elderly spines. We hypothesise that cranial endplates are inherently vulnerable to ...compressive loading because of structural asymmetries in the vertebrae. Methods Sixty-two “motion segments” (two vertebrae and the intervening disc and ligaments) were obtained post-mortem from thirty-five human spines (17F/18M, age 48–92 yrs, all spinal levels from T8-9 to L4-5). Specimens were compressed to failure while positioned in 2–6° of flexion, and the resulting damage characterised from radiographs and at dissection. 2 mm-thick slices of 94 vertebral bodies (at least one from each motion segment) were cut in the mid-sagittal plane, and in a para-sagittal plane through the pedicles. Microradiographs of the slices were subjected to image analysis to determine the thickness of each endplate at 10 locations. Optical density of the endplates and adjacent trabecular bone was also measured. Measurements obtained in cranial and caudal regions, and in mid-sagittal and pedicle slices, were compared using repeated measures ANOVA with age, level and gender included as between-subject factors. Linear regression was used to determine significant predictors of compressive strength (failure stress). Results Fracture affected the cranial endplate in 55/62 specimens. Cranial endplates were thinner than caudal ( p = 0.003) by 14% and 11% on average, in mid-sagittal and pedicle slices respectively. Caudal but not cranial endplates were thicker at lower spinal levels ( p = 0.01). Optical density of trabecular bone adjacent to the endplates was 6% lower cranially than caudally ( p = 0.004), and the average optical density of trabecular bone in mid-sagittal slices was 10% lower in women than in men ( p = 0.025). Vertebral yield stress (mean 2.22 MPa, SD 0.77 MPa) was best predicted by the density of trabecular bone underlying the cranial endplate of the mid-sagittal slice of the fractured vertebra ( r2 = 0.67, p = 0.0006). Conclusions When vertebrae are compressed naturally by adjacent intervertebral discs, cranial endplates usually fail before caudal endplates because they are thinner and supported by less dense trabecular bone.
Summary
Background
Lymphatic malformations (LMs), slow‐flow vascular anomalies resulting from abnormal development of lymphatic channels, often progress rapidly after trauma or infection.
Objectives
...To explore the possible mechanism by which local infection promotes the progression of LMs.
Methods
Immunohistochemistry in serial sections and immunofluorescence were performed to label polarized macrophages. Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) in LMs were identified using antibodies against CD3 (a T‐cell marker), CD20 (a B‐cell marker) and PNAd (a high endothelial venule marker). Pearson's correlation and cluster analysis were carried out to delineate the relationship between macrophage infiltration and TLO formation. Rat models of LM were established to examine the role of lipopolysaccharide in LM development.
Results
Compared with normal skin tissues, both M1‐ and M2‐polarized macrophages were prevalent in LMs. Moreover, M2‐polarized macrophages were significantly increased in infected LMs with an elevated density of TLOs. M2‐polarized macrophages were observed in the centre of TLOs accompanied by intensive staining of macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, a strong chemotactic factor for monocytes/macrophages, suggesting that macrophages might be recruited through TLOs. Cluster analysis and Pearson's correlation suggested a close relationship between macrophage infiltration and TLO formation. Furthermore, the expression of CD68 was also correlated with that of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐C and Ki67. Importantly, in an established LM rat model, lipopolysaccharide promoted the progression of the malformations with increased macrophage infiltration and TLO formation.
Conclusions
M2‐polarized macrophages that may be recruited through TLOs in infected LMs may contribute to the progression of the disease by secreting VEGF‐C, and therefore accelerating the proliferation of lymphatic endothelial cells.
What's already known about this topic?
Infection in lymphatic malformations (LMs) promotes the development of the disease.
Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) are found in most LMs.
Macrophages intensively promote lymphangiogenesis in pathological conditions.
What does this study add?
M2‐polarized macrophages are increased in LMs compared with skin tissues.
A close relationship between M2‐polarized macrophages and TLOs was uncovered in LMs.
M2‐polarized macrophages and TLOs might contribute to the progression of LMs after infection.
What is the translational message?
Infection or inflammation in LMs indicated poor prognosis of the disease.
Targeting M2‐polarized macrophages might be a promising therapy for LMs.
Targeting TLO formation might alleviate the progression of LMs by reducing macrophage recruitment and lymphatic vessel formation.
Glucose is the primary precursor for the synthesis of lactose, which controls milk volume by maintaining the osmolarity of milk. Glucose uptake in the mammary gland plays a key role in milk ...production. Glucose transport across the plasma membranes of mammalian cells is carried out by 2 distinct processes: facilitative transport, mediated by a family of facilitative glucose transporters (GLUT); and sodium-dependent transport, mediated by the Na+/glucose cotransporters (SGLT). Transport kinetic studies indicate that glucose transport across the plasma membrane of the lactating bovine mammary epithelial cell has a K(m) value of 8.29 mM for 3-O-methyl-D-glucose and can be inhibited by both cytochalasin-B and phloretin, indicating a facilitative transport process. This is consistent with the observation that in the lactating bovine mammary gland, GLUT1 is the predominant glucose transporter. However, the bovine lactating mammary gland also expresses GLUT3, GLUT4, GLUT5, GLUT8, GLUT12, and sodium-dependent SGLT1 and SGLT2 at different levels. Studies of protein expression and cellular and subcellular localizations of these transporters are needed to address their physiological functions in the mammary gland. From late pregnancy to early lactation, expression of GLUT1, GLUT8, GLUT12, SGLT1, and SGLT2 mRNA increases from at least 5-fold to several hundred-fold, suggesting that these transporters may be regulated by lactogenic hormones and have roles in milk synthesis. The GLUT1 protein is detected in lactating mammary epithelial cells. Its expression level decreases from early to late lactation stages and becomes barely detectable in the nonlactating gland. Both GLUT1 mRNA and protein levels in the lactating mammary gland are not significantly affected by exogenous bovine growth hormone, and, in addition, GLUT1 mRNA does not appear to be affected by leptin.
The metastatic cascade is a complex and multistep process with many potential barriers. Recent evidence has shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in carcinogenesis and tumor progression in ...non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, by comparing the miRNA expression profiles of SPC-A-1sci (high metastatic) and SPC-A-1 (weakly metastatic) cells, we demonstrated that the downregulation and function of miR-193a-3p and miR-193a-5p in NSCLC metastasis and the expression of these miRNAs was suppressed in NSCLC compared with corresponding non-tumorous tissues. Decreased miR-193a-3p/5p expression was significantly associated with tumor node metastasis (TNM) and lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, functional assays showed that the overexpression of miR-193a-3p/5p inhibited NSCLC cell migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro and lung metastasis formation in vivo. In addition, we discovered that ERBB4 and S6K2 were the direct targets of miR-193a-3p and that PIK3R3 and mTOR were the direct targets of miR-193a-5p in NSCLC. We also observed that miR-193a-3p/5p could inactivate the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Thus, miR-193a-3p/5p functions as a tumor suppressor and has an important role in NSCLC metastasis through ERBB signaling pathway.
Arsenic (As) exposure from consumption of rice can be substantial, particularly for the population on a subsistence rice diet in South Asia. Paddy rice has a much enhanced As accumulation compared ...with other cereal crops, and practical measures are urgently needed to decrease As transfer from soil to grain. We investigated the dynamics of As speciation in the soil solution under both flooded and aerobic conditions and compared As accumulation in rice shoot and grain in a greenhouse experiment. Flooding of soil led to a rapid mobilization of As, mainly as arsenite, in the soil solution. Arsenic concentrations in the soil solution were 7−16 and 4−13 times higher under the flooded than under the aerobic conditions in the control without As addition and in the +As treatments (10 mg As kg−1 as arsenite or arsenate), respectively. Arsenate was the main As species in the aerobic soil. Arsenic accumulation in rice shoots and grain was markedly increased under flooded conditions; grain As concentrations were 10−15-fold higher in flooded than in aerobically grown rice. With increasing total As concentrations in grain, the proportion of inorganic As decreased, while that of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) increased. The concentration of inorganic As was 2.6−2.9 fold higher in the grain from the flooded treatment than in that from the aerobic treatment. The results demonstrate that a greatly increased bioavailability of As under the flooded conditions is the main reason for an enhanced As accumulation by flooded rice, and growing rice aerobically can dramatically decrease the As transfer from soil to grain.
Summary 777 I. Introduction 777 II. Mechanisms of arsenic uptake and efflux 778 III. Rhizosphere interactions 782 IV. Arsenic metabolism in planta 783 V. Long-distance translocation of arsenic 786 ...VI. Arsenic hyperaccumulation 788 VII. Conclusions 788 Acknowledgements 789 References 789
Thirty percent of all cellular proteins are inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which spans throughout the cytoplasm. Two well-established stress-induced pathways ensure quality control ...(QC) at the ER: ER-phagy and ER-associated degradation (ERAD), which shuttle cargo for degradation to the lysosome and proteasome, respectively. In contrast, not much is known about constitutive ER-phagy. We have previously reported that excess of integral-membrane proteins is delivered from the ER to the lysosome via autophagy during normal growth of yeast cells. Whereas endogenously expressed ER resident proteins serve as cargos at a basal level, this level can be induced by overexpression of membrane proteins that are not ER residents. Here, we characterize this pathway as constitutive ER-phagy. Constitutive and stress-induced ER-phagy share the basic macro-autophagy machinery including the conserved Atgs and Ypt1 GTPase. However, induction of stress-induced autophagy is not needed for constitutive ER-phagy to occur. Moreover, the selective receptors needed for starvation-induced ER-phagy, Atg39 and Atg40, are not required for constitutive ER-phagy and neither these receptors nor their cargos are delivered through it to the vacuole. As for ERAD, while constitutive ER-phagy recognizes cargo different from that recognized by ERAD, these two ER-QC pathways can partially substitute for each other. Because accumulation of membrane proteins is associated with disease, and constitutive ER-phagy players are conserved from yeast to mammalian cells, this process could be critical for human health.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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