► The Se content and species in flour and bread produced from biofortified wheat was assessed. ► Total Se in flour increased by ∼170ng/g with 10g/ha selenate application to wheat crop. ► The ...relationship between Se added to crop and the content in flour and bread was linear. ► The major species of extractable Se in enriched flour and bread was selenomethionine. ► Biofortification of wheat may provide an appropriate strategy to increase the intake of bioavailable Se.
The retention and speciation of selenium in flour and bread was determined following experimental applications of selenium fertilisers to a high-yielding UK wheat crop. Flour and bread were produced using standard commercial practices. Total selenium was measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and the profile of selenium species in the flour and bread were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) ICP-MS. The selenium concentration of flour ranged from 30ng/g in white flour and 35ng/g in wholemeal flour from untreated plots up to >1800ng/g in white and >2200ng/g in wholemeal flour processed from grain treated with selenium (as selenate) at the highest application rate of 100g/ha. The relationship between the amount of selenium applied to the crop and the amount of selenium in flour and bread was approximately linear, indicating minimal loss of Se during grain processing and bread production. On average, application of selenium at 10g/ha increased total selenium in white and wholemeal bread by 155 and 185ng/g, respectively, equivalent to 6.4 and 7.1μg selenium per average slice of white and wholemeal bread, respectively. Selenomethionine accounted for 65–87% of total extractable selenium species in Se-enriched flour and bread; selenocysteine, Se-methylselenocysteine selenite and selenate were also detected. Controlled agronomic biofortification of wheat crops for flour and bread production could provide an appropriate strategy to increase the intake of bioavailable selenium.
The deposition morphology of a landslide dam determines the position of initial breach and sequentially affects the direction of lateral erosion. Twenty-seven discrete element numerical simulations ...were carried out to investigate the deposition morphology of landslide dams concerning three factors, which include the valley shape, the valley bed inclination and the landslide velocity. The simulation results show that the valley shape and the landslide velocity affect the dam morphology in both transverse and longitudinal directions, while the valley bed inclination mainly affects the longitudinal morphology of dams. Further, a flume experiment was carried out to investigate the specific effects of the dam morphology on the overtopping erosion of landslide dams. The results of experiment show that for the dams in different deposition morphologies and with different initial breaches, the breach widths and the total sediment discharges induced by overtopping erosion are different.
Ambient levels of chlorinated gases and aerosol components were measured by online chemical ionization and aerosol mass spectrometers after an indoor floor were repeatedly washed with a commercial ...bleach solution. Gaseous chlorine (Cl2, 10's of ppbv) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl, 100's of ppbv) arise after floor washing, along with nitryl chloride (ClNO2), dichlorine monoxide (Cl2O), and chloramines (NHCl2, NCl3). Much higher mixing ratios would prevail in a room with lower and more commonly encountered air exchange rates than that observed in the study (12.7 h−1). Coincident with the formation of gas‐phase species, particulate chlorine levels also rise. Cl2, ClNO2, NHCl2, and NCl3 exist in the headspace of the bleach solution, whereas HOCl was only observed after floor washing. HOCl decays away 1.4 times faster than the air exchange rate, indicative of uptake onto room surfaces, and consistent with the well‐known chlorinating ability of HOCl. Photochemical box modeling captures the temporal profiles of Cl2 and HOCl very well and indicates that the OH, Cl, and ClO gas‐phase radical concentrations in the indoor environment could be greatly enhanced (>106 and 105 cm−3 for OH and Cl, respectively) in such washing conditions, dependent on the amount of indoor illumination.
The cross section for the process e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}J/ψ is measured precisely at center-of-mass energies from 3.77 to 4.60 GeV using 9 fb^{-1} of data collected with the BESIII detector operating ...at the BEPCII storage ring. Two resonant structures are observed in a fit to the cross section. The first resonance has a mass of (4222.0±3.1±1.4) MeV/c^{2} and a width of (44.1±4.3±2.0) MeV, while the second one has a mass of (4320.0±10.4±7.0) MeV/c^{2} and a width of (101.4_{-19.7}^{+25.3}±10.2) MeV, where the first errors are statistical and second ones are systematic. The first resonance agrees with the Y(4260) resonance reported by previous experiments. The precision of its resonant parameters is improved significantly. The second resonance is observed in e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}J/ψ for the first time. The statistical significance of this resonance is estimated to be larger than 7.6σ. The mass and width of the second resonance agree with the Y(4360) resonance reported by the BABAR and Belle experiments within errors. Finally, the Y(4008) resonance previously observed by the Belle experiment is not confirmed in the description of the BESIII data.
We report the first results of a light weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) search from the CDEX-10 experiment with a 10 kg germanium detector array immersed in liquid nitrogen at the China ...Jinping Underground Laboratory with a physics data size of 102.8 kg day. At an analysis threshold of 160 eVee, improved limits of 8×10^{-42} and 3×10^{-36} cm^{2} at a 90% confidence level on spin-independent and spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon cross sections, respectively, at a WIMP mass (m_{χ}) of 5 GeV/c^{2} are achieved. The lower reach of m_{χ} is extended to 2 GeV/c^{2}.
The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles (size, charge, and surface chemistry, etc.) influence their biological functions often in complex and poorly understood ways. This complexity is ...compounded when the nanostructures involved have variable mechanical properties. Here, we report the synthesis of liquid-filled silica nanocapsules (SNCs, ∼ 150 nm) having a wide range of stiffness (with Young’s moduli ranging from 704 kPa to 9.7 GPa). We demonstrate a complex trade-off between nanoparticle stiffness and the efficiencies of both immune evasion and passive/active tumor targeting. Soft SNCs showed 3 times less uptake by macrophages than stiff SNCs, while the uptake of PEGylated SNCs by cancer cells was independent of stiffness. In addition, the functionalization of stiff SNCs with folic acid significantly enhanced their receptor-mediated cellular uptake, whereas little improvement for the soft SNCs was conferred. Further in vivo experiments confirmed these findings and demonstrated the critical role of nanoparticle mechanical properties in regulating their interactions with biological systems.
Aims
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is now the most prevalent and debilitating disease affecting the Chinese population. The goal of the present manuscript was to analyse cardiovascular risk factors ...and the prevalence of non-fatal CVDs from data gathered from the 2007-2008 China National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Study.
Methods and results
A nationally representative sample of 46 239 adults, 20 years of age or older, was randomly recruited using a multistage stratified design method. Lifestyle factors, diagnosis of CVD, stroke, diabetes, and family history of each subject were collected, and an oral glucose tolerance test or a standard meal test was performed. Various non-fatal CVDs were reported by the subjects. SUDAAN software was used to perform all weighted statistical analyses, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. The prevalence of coronary heart disease, stroke, and CVDs was 0.74, 1.07, and 1.78% in males; and 0.51, 0.60, and 1.10% in females, respectively. The presence of CVDs increased with age in both males and females. The prevalence of being overweight or obese, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, or hyperglycaemia was 36.67, 30.09, 67.43, and 26.69% in males; and 29.77, 24.79, 63.98, and 23.62% in females, respectively. In the total sample of 46 239 patients, the prevalence of one subject having 1, 2, 3, or ≥4 of the 5 defined risk factors (i.e. smoking, overweight or obese, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, or hyperglycaemia) was 31.17, 27.38, 17.76, and 10.19%, respectively. Following adjustment for gender and age, the odds ratio of CVDs for those who had 1, 2, 3, or ≥4 risk factors was 2.36, 4.24, 4.88, and 7.22, respectively, when compared with patients with no risk factors.
Conclusion
Morbidity attributed to the five defined cardiovascular risk factors was high in the Chinese population, with multiple risk factors present in the same individual. Therefore, reasonable prevention strategies should be designed to attenuate the rapid rise in cardiovascular morbidity.
Abstract Objective To assess the associations between depression and incident cancer risk. Study design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and ...PubMed databases were searched to identify studies. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Risk ratios (RRs) were used to measure effect size. A random-effects model was applied to synthesize the associations between depression and cancer risk. A forest plot was produced to visually assess RRs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity across studies was assessed using the I-squared statistic. A funnel plot was generated to assess potential publication bias, and Egger's regression was applied to test the symmetry of the funnel plot. Results In total, 1,469,179 participants and 89,716 incident cases of cancer from 25 studies were included. Depression was significantly associated with overall cancer risk (RR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.09–1.22) and with liver cancer (RR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.01–1.43) and lung cancer (RR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.04–1.72). Subgroup analysis of studies in North America resulted in a significant summary relative risk (RR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.15–1.48). No significant associations were found for breast, prostate, or colorectal/colon cancer. The average Newcastle Ottawa score was 7.56 for all included studies. Conclusion Our findings showed a small and positive association between depression and the overall occurrence risk of cancer, as well as liver cancer and lung cancer risks. However, multinational and larger sample studies are required to further research and support these associations. Moreover, confounding factors such as cigarette smoking and alcohol use/abuse should be considered in future studies.
•MnCo2O4 nanowire array is prepared by a fast and facile hydrothermal method.•MnCo2O4 nanowire array exhibits noticeable pseudocapacitive properties.•The as-prepared nanowire array is also a ...promising material for Li-ion batteries.
One-dimension MnCo2O4 nanowire arrays are synthesized on nickel foam by a facile hydrothermal method. The MnCo2O4 nanowires are highly crystalline with an average diameter of 70nm and exhibit excellent properties for electrochemical energy storage. Impressively, the MnCo2O4 nanowire array exhibits noticeable pseudocapacitive performance with a high capacitance of 349.8 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and 328.9 F g−1 at 20 A g−1 as well as excellent cycling stability. As an anode material for Li-ion batteries, the MnCo2O4 nanowire array delivers an initial specific discharge capacity of 1288.6 mAh g−1 at 100mAg−1, with reversible capacity retention of 92.7% after 50 cycles. The outstanding electrochemical performances are mainly attributed to its nanowire array architecture which provides large reaction surface area, fast ion and electron transfer and good structure stability.
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