Swine farms contaminated the surrounding environment through manure application and biogas slurry irrigation, hence causing the wide residual of multiple antimicrobial drugs (ADs) and their ...transformation products (TPs). This study performed target, suspect, and nontarget screening methods to comprehensively investigate the pollution profiles of ADs in a typical swine farm, and characterize the potential transformed pathway of TPs and distinguish specific reactions of different catalog of ADs. Samples of fresh feces, compost, biogas slurry, topsoil, column soil, groundwater and plants were analyzed using the database containing 98 target analytes, 679 suspected parent ADs, and ∼ 107 TPs. In total, 29 ADs were quantitively detected, and tetracyclines (TCs) were mostly frequently detected ADs with the concentrations up to 4251 ng/g in topsoil. Soil column investigation revealed that doxycycline (DOX) and tetracycline (TC) in soil could migrate to depths of approximately 1 m in soil. Suspect screening identified 75 parent ADs, with 10 being reported for the first time in environmental media. Semi-quantification of ADs revealed that one of the less-concerned ADs, clinafloxacin, was detected to exceed 5000 ng/L in biogas slurry, suggesting that significant attentions should be paid to these less-concerned ADs. Moreover, 314 TPs was identified, and most of them were found to undergo microbial/enzymatic metabolism pathways. Overall, our study displays a comprehensive overview of ADs and their TPs in swine farming environments, and provides an inventory of crucial list that worthy of concern. The results emphasize the need to quantify the levels and distribution of previously overlooked ADs and their TPs in livestock farms.
A sensitive rapid resolution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (RRLC–MS/MS) method, combined with solid-phase extraction, ultrasonic extraction and silica gel cartridge cleanup, was ...developed for 28 steroids including 4 estrogens (estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethynyl estradiol (EE2), diethylstilbestrol (DES)), 14 androgens (androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD), 17α-trenbolone, 17β-trenbolone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, 19-nortestoserone, 17β-boldenone, 17α-boldenone, testosterone (T), epi-androsterone (EADR), methyltestosterone (MT), 4-hydroxy-androst-4-ene-17-dione (4-OHA), 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT), androsterone (ADR), stanozolol (S)), 5 progestagens (progesterone (P), ethynyl testosterone (ET), 19-norethindrone, norgestrel, medroxyprogesterone (MP)), and 5 glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone, prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone) in surface water, wastewater and sludge samples. The recoveries of surface water, influents, effluents and sludge samples were 90.6–119.0% (except 5α-DHT was 143%), 44.0–200%, 60.7–123% and 62.6–138%, respectively. The method detection limits for the 28 analytes in surface water, influents, effluents and freeze-dried sludge samples were 0.01–0.24
ng/L, 0.02–1.44
ng/L, 0.01–0.49
ng/L and 0.08–2.06
ng/g, respectively. This method was applied in the determination of the residual steroidal hormones in two surface water of Danshui River, 12 wastewater and 8 sludge samples from two wastewater treatment plants (Meihu and Huiyang WWTPs) in Guangdong (China). Ten analytes were detected in surface water samples with concentrations ranging between 0.4
ng/L (17β-boldenone) and 55.3
ng/L (5α-DHT); twenty analytes in the wastewater samples with concentrations ranging between 0.3
ng/L (P) and 621
ng/L (5α-DHT); and 12 analytes in the sludge samples with concentrations ranging between 1.6
ng/g (E1) and 372
ng/g (EADR).
Nineteen biocides were investigated in the Yangtze River to understand their spatiotemporal distribution, mass loads and ecological risks. Fourteen biocides were detected, with the highest ...concentrations up to 166 ng/L for DEET in surface water, and 54.3 ng/g dry weight (dw) for triclocarban in sediment. The dominant biocides were DEET and methylparaben, with their detection frequencies of 100% in both phases. An estimate of 152 t/y of 14 biocides was carried by the Yangtze River to the East China Sea. The distribution of biocides in the aquatic environments was significantly correlated to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN), suggesting dominant input sources from domestic wastewater of the cities along the river. Risk assessment showed high ecological risks posed by carbendazim in both phases and by triclosan in sediment. Therefore, proper measures should be taken to reduce the input of biocides into the river systems.
Display omitted
•Biocides were ubiquitous in the surface water and sediment of the Yangtze River.•The dominant biocides in the Yangtze River were DEET and methylparaben.•Annual flux of biocides was 152 tons from the Yangtze River to the East China Sea.•Domestic wastewater was the main source of the biocides.•Carbendazim and triclosan posed high ecological risks.
Biocides showed wide presence in the Yangtze River and some of them could pose high ecological risks to aquatic organisms.
This study investigated the occurrence of 43 emerging contaminants including 9 endocrine-disrupting chemicals and 34 pharmaceuticals in three sites in Hebei Province, north China. Each site has a ...wastewater irrigated plot and a separate groundwater irrigated plot for comparison purpose. The results showed that the concentrations of the target compounds in the wastewater irrigated soils were in most cases higher than those in the groundwater irrigated soils. Among the 43 target compounds, nine compounds bisphenol-A, triclocarban, triclosan, 4-nonylphenol, salicylic acid, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, trimethoprim and primidone were detected at least once in the soils. Preliminary environmental risk assessment showed that triclocarban might pose high risks to terrestrial organisms while the other detected compounds posed minimal risks. Irrigation with wastewater could lead to presence or accumulation of some emerging contaminants to some extent in irrigated soils.
► Some EDCs and PPCPs were detected in the wastewater irrigated soils. ► Application of reclaimed water could lead to accumulation of some compounds. ► Groundwater has been contaminated by some compounds. ► Triclocarban posed high risks to soil organisms.
Application of reclaimed wastewater on agricultural land could lead to the presence or accumulation of wastewater-related contaminants in soils.
Landfills are the main destination of many urban wastes containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and PFAS may leach out from the waste and contaminate the surrounding groundwater. Here ...we investigated the occurrence of PFAS in leachate and surrounding groundwater from three landfills in Guangzhou, China by using a combined target and non-target approach. Non-target screening showed that a total of 651 PFAS with 96 classes were identified, including 17 legacy PFAS and 637 emerging PFAS. The quantitative target analysis of some PFAS revealed that the average removal rate of PFAS from the raw leachates were ranged between 62 % and 99 %. Statistical analysis and source analysis suggested that landfill leachate was a major source of PFAS in the groundwater within the landfills and downstream sites. The results from the combined target and non-target analyses demonstrated that PFAS in landfills could leach into the surrounding groundwater, and may affect the sustainable use of groundwater as a source of drinking water and pose a potential risk to human health.
Display omitted
•Non-target and target analysis of PFAS were conducted in three landfills.•A total of 651 PFAS were identified in raw and treated leachate and groundwater.•33 out of 57 target PFAS were detected in leachate and 28 in groundwater.•Both legacy and emerging PFAS occur in leachate and groundwater.•Source analysis indicates that leachate could affect surrounding groundwater.
Antibiotics are widely applied in livestock industry to prevent or treat animal diseases. However, those antibiotics are poorly metabolized in livestock animals, most of them being excreted via feces ...or urine. Hence we need to understand the removal of antibiotics in swine farm wastewater treatment systems. This study investigated occurrence and fate of various antibiotics in two full-scale swine farm wastewater treatment systems (Farm A: anaerobic digester-A2/O-lagoon; Farm B: upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB)-(A/O)2-lagoon). The results showed the presence of 25 antibiotics out of 40 target antibiotics in the wastewater and sludge samples from the two farms. In Farm A, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfachlorpyridazine, oxytetracycline and lincomycin were predominant in the influent with concentrations up to 166 ± 3.64 μg/L, while in the dewatered sludge chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline and norfloxacin were the predominant target compounds with concentrations up to 29.2 ± 3.74 μg/g. In Farm B, high concentrations (up to 3630 ± 1040 μg/L) of sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfamonomethoxine and lincomycin were detected in the influent, and the predominant target antibiotics detected in the dewater sludge were similar to those in Farm A, with concentrations up to 28.6 ± 0.592 μg/g. The aqueous removal rates for the total antibiotics were >99.0% in the wastewater treatment plants of both farms. Among a series of treatment units, the anaerobic digester in Farm A and UASB in Farm B made a significant contribution to the elimination of the target antibiotics from the animal wastewater. The daily mass loadings of total antibiotics in the manure, influent, dewatered sludge and effluent were 17.1, 28.0, 2.53, and 0.0730 g/d for Farm A and 24.5, 354, 3.17, and 0.293 g/d for Farm B. The full-scale swine wastewater treatment facilities could effectively remove antibiotics from swine wastewater, but the dewatered sludge needs to be further treated before disposal on land.
Display omitted
•We investigated the occurrence and fate of 40 antibiotics in two swine farms.•25 target antibiotics were detected in the manure and wastewater treatment plants.•The anaerobic digester and UASB played a key role in eliminating antibiotics.•WWTPs could effectively remove the target antibiotics from the swine wastewater.
Hybrid design and artificial aeration has been widely applied in wetlands, but little is known about their effectiveness in the removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Here we ...investigated the performance of various mesocosm-scale constructed wetlands (CWs) with artificial aeration and hybrid design in removal of antibiotics and ARGs from antibiotics-spiked domestic sewage. Four hybrid constructed wetland systems with zeolite as substrate and Iris tectorum Maxim as plant were set up to have different artificial aeration designs. The aqueous removal efficiencies of total antibiotics ranged from 87.4% to 95.3%, while those of total ARGs varied from 87.8% to 99.1%. The mass removal of antibiotics by the CWs was attributed mainly to the microbial degradation. The present study imply that sorption of substrates and biological processes could be the two main mechanisms for ARGs elimination. The results from this study showed the hybrid CWs with artificial aeration could enhance treatment efficiencies of antibiotics and ARGs as well as conventional pollutants.
Display omitted
•The CW treatment was strengthened with artificial aeration and hybrid design.•Nutrients, antibiotics and ARGs could be efficiently reduced by the CWs.•Substrate adsorption, plant uptake and degradation contributed to the reduction.•Microbial abundance was closely related to the concentrations of DO, lincomycin and sulfameter.
The hybrid CWs with artificial aeration could enhance treatment efficiencies of antibiotics and ARGs as well as conventional pollutants.
•A non-convex approximation for tensors rank is proposed for low-rank tensor completion problem.•Develop an efficient ADMM algorithm for solving the proposed method.•The method can efficiently ...estimate the missing information, especially for the low sampling rates.
Low-rankness has been widely exploited for the tensor completion problem. Recent advances have suggested that the tensor nuclear norm often leads to a promising approximation for the tensor rank. It treats the singular values equally to pursue the convexity of the objective function, while the singular values for the practical images have clear physical meanings with different importance and should be treated differently. In this paper, we propose a non-convex logDet function as a smooth approximation for tensor rank instead of the convex tensor nuclear norm and introduce it into the low-rank tensor completion problem. An alternating direction method of multiplier (ADMM)-based method is developed to solve the problem. Experimental results have shown that the proposed method can significantly outperform existing state-of-the-art nuclear norm-based methods for tensor completion.
Fuel spray and atomization characteristics play an important role in the performance of internal combustion engines and many applications of industry. In drop aerobreakup, there are two main breakup ...modes: general bag breakup and shear breakup, which are induced by Rayleigh-Taylor instability and Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, respectively. Influence of surfactant on drop deformation and breakup is remarkable. So the transition condition of surfactant-laden drop between general bag breakup and shear breakup will be different from pure liquid. In this work, we investigate the influence of surfactant on drop breakup morphology in a continuous air jet stream, and find the physical mechanism of surfactant-laden drop atomization. Finally the predicted expression of transition Weber number is obtained.
PDF
