•This paper proposes a lightweight farming behaviors recognition algorithm.•In the plantation of video-based farming behavior recognition, the farming behavior recognition method proposed in this ...paper has higher recognition accuracy and fewer parameters than current farmer behavior recognition methods.•Promote the development of agricultural intelligence and standardization.
In properly managed plantation farms, farming behaviors of workers should be properly recorded. Both the accuracy of the model and the total amount of resources required during processing need to be considered, considering farms only have ordinary computers and they are difficult to have large computing servers. This paper proposes a lightweight method FWNet for recognizing farming behaviors of plantation workers. Firstly, a dataset (FBD) of farming behaviors is established, which includes 1154 video samples involving four types of farming behaviors: spraying pesticides, hoeing, weeding and transplanting seedlings. Secondly, in FWNet, we refer to (2 + 1) D convolution and residual structure, adopt a smaller network input shape and a shallower number of network layers, and use Swish as the activation function. In experiments, FWNet's accuracy, F1-score and mAP are 97.5%, 97.41% and 97.31% which are higher than P3D, R3D, R(2 + 1) D, EPCI-LSTM models. Parameters amount and latency are reduced to 3.20 M and 28.91 ms, far less than baselines. Experiment results indicate that FWNet can recognize farming behaviors with high accuracy and faster.
DNA-protein cross-links have broad applications in mapping DNA-protein interactions and provide structural insights into macromolecular structures. However, high-resolution mapping of DNA-interacting ...amino acid residues with tandem mass spectrometry remains challenging due to difficulties in sample preparation and data analysis. Herein, we developed a method for identifying cross-linking amino residues in DNA-protein cross-links at single amino acid resolution. We leveraged the alkaline lability of ribonucleotides and designed ribonucleotide-containing DNA to produce structurally defined nucleic acid-peptide cross-links under our optimized ribonucleotide cleavage conditions. The structurally defined oligonucleotide-peptide heteroconjugates improved ionization, reduced the database search space, and facilitated the identification of cross-linking residues in peptides. We applied the workflow to identifying abasic (AP) site-interacting residues in human mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM)-DNA cross-links. With sub-nmol sample input, we obtained high-quality fragmentation spectra for nucleic acid-peptide cross-links and identified 14 cross-linked lysine residues with the home-built AP_CrosslinkFinder program. Semi-quantification based on integrated peak areas revealed that K186 of TFAM is the major cross-linking residue, consistent with K186 being the closest (to the AP modification) lysine residue in solved TFAM:DNA crystal structures. Additional cross-linking lysine residues (K69, K76, K136, K154) support the dynamic characteristics of TFAM:DNA complexes. Overall, our combined workflow using ribonucleotide as a chemically cleavable DNA modification together with optimized sample preparation and data analysis offers a simple yet powerful approach for mapping cross-linking sites in DNA-protein cross-links. The method is amendable to other chemical or photo-cross-linking systems and can be extended to complex biological samples.
•Creatively apply deep learning algorithms to farming behavior classification.•A lightweight 3D attention mechanism is proposed, which can be connected to any network.•Experimental statistics show ...that EPCI-LSTM can distinguish farming behavior accurately.
The definition of recognition of farming behavior is by embedding deep learning algorithms into industrial communication devices such as cameras to capture the farming actions of agricultural workers, and analyze their actions in the videos. Aiming at the problem, the lack of information about the agricultural workers' labor process in agricultural production, this paper proposes to realize the automatic classification of farming behavior by embedding deep learning algorithms in the cameras. In algorithm, as a result of insufficient calculation speed, timing duration and resolution of existing behavior recognition models, an efficient and lightweight 3D attention mechanism named embedded position coordinate information (EPCI attention) suitable for videos is proposed. In the experiment, EPCI attention is connected with ConvLSTM to form an end-to-end deep learning model EPCI-LSTM. The experimental comparison demonstrates EPCI-LSTM achieves clear improvement on FBD (Farming Behavior Dataset), a dataset containing 905 short videos involving 4 typical farming behaviors: spraying pesticides, hoeing the ground, weeding, and planting seedlings, against P3DConvLSTM and ConvLSTM by 2.58%, 6.93% in F1 score respectively. By connecting EPCI attention, the ability of ConvLSTM is significantly ameliorated with accuracy of 0.9441 and recall of 0.9485. EPCI-LSTM makes the absolute improvement over ConvLSTM by 5.85%, and 7.99% in precision and recall, and the training time is greatly reduced by 26.78%. It proves that EPCI-LSTM has advantages in visual recognition compared with ConvLSTM that is individually defined or optimized for recognition or generation. Therefore, the experimental statistics verifies the success of the EPCI attention structure, and the EPCI-LSTM network can successfully realize the efficient and accurate discrimination of the labor behavior of agricultural workers. It is of great significance to promote the digital and standardized management of farm workers by agricultural enterprises, and the further transformation of traditional agriculture to automated and smart agriculture.
The three-phase four-wire inverter with split dc-link capacitors can supply unbalanced loads. For the purpose of reducing the filter inductors, a neutral inductor could be introduced into the neutral ...line. This paper analyzes the operation principle of the three-phase four-wire inverter with split dc-link capacitors when a neutral inductor is introduced. It is illustrated that the neutral inductor can reduce the zero-sequence switching harmonics in the voltages between the phase-leg midpoints and the output neutral point, thus the filter inductors can be reduced. The optimized design of the neutral inductor and filter inductors is proposed with the considerations of the inductor current ripple, the ability of supplying unbalanced loads, and the total energy stored in the inductors. The equivalent circuits of the three-phase four-wire inverter with split dc-link capacitors and neutral inductor is derived in the α-β-0 frame, and the zero-axis voltage regulator is modified to suppress the third-order harmonic in the zero-sequence current caused by the deadtime of the drive signals for the power switches. Finally, the experimental results from a 9-kW prototype are provided to prove the effectiveness of the proposed optimized design of the neutral inductor and filter inductors and the control strategy of the inverter.
PurposeTo investigate the characteristics of the lipid profiling in meibum of patients with chronic ocular graft-versus-host disease (coGVHD) and to detect the potential influence of ...anti-inflammatory therapy on these differential lipids. MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 25 coGVHD patients and 13 non-coGVHD after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Among those with coGVHD, 14 had prior topical treatment (coGVHD(T)), and 11 did not (coGVHD(WT)). All participants completed ocular surface disease index questionnaire and received slit lamp examination, Schirmer's test without anesthesia, ocular surface interferometer, and meibography. Binocular meibum was collected and pooled for lipidomic analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. ResultsOne hundred and twenty differential lipid species were found among the three groups (96 of coGVHD(WT) vs. non-coGVHD, 78 of coGVHD(WT) vs. coGVHD(T), and three of non-coGVHD vs. coGVHD(T)). Compared with non-coGVHD group, coGVHD(WT) group had a significant abnormality of meibum composition, showing a significant decrease in glycerolipids, and an increase in glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids. Similar changes were also observed when coGVHD(WT) versus coGVHD(T). CoGVHD severity was negatively associated with mono-unsaturated triglycerides (TG), (β = -214.7; 95% CI, -363.9 to -65.5; P = 0.006) and poly-unsaturated TG (β = -4019.9; 95% CI, -7758.1 to -281.6; P = 0.036). Intensity of immunosuppression was negatively associated with mono-unsaturated TG (β = -162.4; 95% CI, -268.6 to -56.2; P = 0.004) and positively associated with phosphatidylcholine (β = 332.0; 95% CI, 19.2-644.8; P = 0.038). ConclusionsAltered meibum in coGVHD is characterized by a decrease of glycerolipids and an increase of glycerophospholipids and may be significantly reversed by topical anti-inflammatory therapy.
The mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of black carbon (BC) could be amplified by both internal mixing and the lensing effect from non-absorbing coating, which could intensify the global warming effect ...of BC. In this study, a two-year-long continuous campaign with measurements of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition were conducted in Nanjing, a typical polluted city in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region. Relatively large MAE values were observed in 2016, and the high BC internal mixing level could be the main cause. The strong positive correlation between the ratio of non-absorbing particulate matter (NAPM) over elemental carbon (EC) and the MAE value indicated that the coating thickness of BC largely promotes its light absorption ability. The impacts of chemical component coating on MAE amplification in autumn and winter were greater than in other seasons. Multiple linear regression was performed to estimate the MAE amplification effect by internal mixing and the coating of different chemical components. Nitrate coating had the strongest impact on MAE amplification, followed by organic matter. The effects of organic matter and nitrate coatings on MAE amplification increased with the internal mixing index (IMI). Based on the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, it was found that large decrease in the contribution of industrial emissions and coal combustion to PM2.5 from 2016 to 2017 was the main cause for MAE reduction. The novel statistical model developed in this study could be a useful tool to separate the impacts of internal mixing and non-absorbing coating.
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•MAE of BC was amplified by internal mixing and non-absorbing coating in eastern China.•A statistical model was established between coating materials and MAE amplification rate.•Nitrate and organic matter coating had the strongest effect on MAE amplification.•The effects of organic matter and nitrate coatings increased with the internal mixing index.•A useful toolkit for source apportionment of BC MAE amplification was proposed.
Fu-Zheng-Xuan-Fei formula (FF) is a prescription that has been clinically used through the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treating viral pneumonia. Although FF possesses a ...prominent clinical therapeutic effect, seldom pharmacological studies have been reported on its anti-influenza B virus (IBV) activity.
Influenza is an acute infectious respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus, which has high annual morbidity and mortality worldwide. With a global decline in the COVID-19 control, the infection rate of influenza virus is gradually increasing. Therefore, it is of great importance to develop novel drugs for the effective treatment of influenza virus. Apart from conventional antiviral drugs, TCM has been widely used in the clinical treatment of influenza in China. Therefore, studying the antiviral mechanism of TCM can facilitate the scientific development of TCM.
Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) and BALB/c mice were infected with IBV, and FF was added to evaluate the anti-IBV effects of FF both in vitro and in vivo by Western blotting, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and pathological assessment.
It was found that FF exhibited anti-viral activity against IBV infection both in vivo and in vitro, while inducing macrophage activation and promoting M1 macrophage polarization. In addition, FF effectively regulated the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway-mediated Th17/Treg balance to improve the lung tissue damage caused by IBV infection-induced inflammation. The findings provided the scientific basis for the antiviral mechanism of FF against IBV infection.
This study shows that FF is a potentially effective antiviral drug against IBV infection.
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•FF can inhibit IBV infection both in vivo and in vitro.•FF can regulate macrophage activation and polarization anti-IBV effect.•FF can regulate STAT signaling pathway to keep Th17/Treg homeostasis.•FF can inhibit pyroptosis and reduce the damage of IBV-induced viral pneumonia.
More surgeons have known the importance of parathyroid grand and recurrent laryngeal nerve protection in the surgery, but there is still plenty of scope to improve the surgical techniques. This study ...aims at investigating whether the improved method of finding recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) can protect parathyroid grand and RLN.
One hundred fifty-eight patients were enrolled and divided randomly into the test and control group according to different methods of finding RLN in the surgery. In the experimental group the author could quickly find the laryngeal recurrent nerve in the lower part of the neck and separate along the surface of the recurrent laryngeal nerve to the point where the recurrent laryngeal nerve gets into the larynx close to the thyroid gland named lateral approach, while in the control group the author severed the middle and lower thyroid vein and raised the lower thyroid pole to look for the RLN near the trachea by the blunt separation.
The author identified 152 and 159 parathyroid glands in the test and control group, respectively and there were a lower ratio of auto-transplantation and less operative time in the test group compared with that in the control group. The author also found that the parathyroid hormone level (1 day and 2 months) in the test group was higher than that in the control group. There were no differences in metastatic LN and recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in the 2 groups.
The improved method of finding RLN is a simple, efficient and safe way, and easy to implement.
Morphine is the most common drug of choice in clinical pain management; however, morphine tolerance presents a significant clinical challenge. The pathogenesis of morphine tolerance is known to be ...closely associated with angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) in microglia. As an AT1R antagonist, candesartan may serve an important role in regulating morphine tolerance. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of candesartan in morphine tolerance, and to explore the underlying mechanism. To meet this aim, BV2 microglial cells were treated with morphine or candesartan alone, or as a combination, and the expression levels of AT1R in BV2 cells were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blotting. The levels of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alphaalpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-6 were subsequently detected by ELISA and western blotting. In addition, immunofluorescence analysis, western blotting and RT-qPCR were used to detect the expression levels of the BV2 cell activation marker, ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA-1). Western blotting was also used to detect the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma/AMP-activated protein kinase (PPARgamma/AMPK) signaling pathway-associated proteins. Finally, the cells were treated with the PPARgamma antagonist GW9662 and the AMPK inhibitor compound C to further explore the mechanism underlying the effects of candesartan on improving morphine tolerance. The expression levels of AT1R were revealed to be significantly increased following morphine induction; however, candesartan treatment inhibited the expression levels of AT1R, the levels of inflammatory cytokines and the protein expression levels of IBA-1 in morphine-induced BV2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. These processes may be associated with activation of the PPARgamma/AMPK signaling pathway. Taken together, the present study revealed that treatment with candesartan reduced morphine-induced inflammatory response and cellular activation of BV2 cells via PPARgamma/AMPK signaling. Key words: morphine tolerance, angiotensin II receptor type 1, candesartan, inflammation, BV2 cells, PPARgamma/AMPK signaling
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