Training a bipedal character to play basketball and interact with objects, or a quadruped character to move in various locomotion modes, are difficult tasks due to the fast and complex contacts ...happening during the motion. In this paper, we propose a novel framework to learn fast and dynamic character interactions that involve multiple contacts between the body and an object, another character and the environment, from a rich, unstructured motion capture database. We use one-on-one basketball play and character interactions with the environment as examples. To achieve this task, we propose a novel feature called local motion phase, that can help neural networks to learn asynchronous movements of each bone and its interaction with external objects such as a ball or an environment. We also propose a novel generative scheme to reproduce a wide variation of movements from abstract control signals given by a gamepad, which can be useful for changing the style of the motion under the same context. Our scheme is useful for animating contact-rich, complex interactions for real-time applications such as computer games.
Simulating biological synapses with electronic devices is a re‐emerging field of research. It is widely recognized as the first step in hardware building brain‐like computers and artificial ...intelligent systems. Thus far, different types of electronic devices have been proposed to mimic synaptic functions. Among them, transistor‐based artificial synapses have the advantages of good stability, relatively controllable testing parameters, clear operation mechanism, and can be constructed from a variety of materials. In addition, they can perform concurrent learning, in which synaptic weight update can be performed without interrupting the signal transmission process. Synergistic control of one device can also be implemented in a transistor‐based artificial synapse, which opens up the possibility of developing robust neuron networks with significantly fewer neural elements. These unique features of transistor‐based artificial synapses make them more suitable for emulating synaptic functions than other types of devices. However, the development of transistor‐based artificial synapses is still in its very early stages. Herein, this article presents a review of recent advances in transistor‐based artificial synapses in order to give a guideline for future implementation of synaptic functions with transistors. The main challenges and research directions of transistor‐based artificial synapses are also presented.
Recently, transistor‐based artificial synapses have received much attention due to their good stability, relatively controllable test parameters, and clear operating mechanisms. In addition, they can perform concurrent learning, in which synaptic weight can be performed without interrupting the signal transmission process. This review summarizes recent advances in transistor‐based artificial synapses.
Implementation of artificial intelligent systems with light‐stimulated synaptic emulators may enhance computational speed by providing devices with high bandwidth, low power computation requirements, ...and low crosstalk. One of the key challenges is to develop light‐stimulated devices that can response to light signals in a neuron‐/synapse‐like fashion. A simple and effective solution process to fabricate light‐stimulated synaptic transistors (LSSTs) based on inorganic halide perovskite quantum dots (IHP QDs) and organic semiconductors (OSCs) is reported. Blending IHP QDs and OSCs not only improves the charge separation efficiency of the photoexcited charges, but also induces delayed decay of the photocurrent in the IHP QDs/OSCs hybrid film. The enhanced charge separation efficiency results in high photoresponsivity, while the induced delayed decay of the photocurrent is critical to achieving light‐stimulating devices with a memory effect, which are important for achieving high synaptic performance. The LSSTs can respond to light signals in a highly neuron‐/synapse‐like fashion. Both short‐term and long‐term synaptic behaviors have been realized, which may lay the foundation for the future implementation of artificial intelligent systems that are enabled by light signals. More significantly, LSSTs are fabricated by a facile solution process which can be easily applied to large‐scale samples.
Artificial synapses that are enabled by light signals can enable devices with high bandwidth and less interconnection energy loss. The key challenge is to develop light‐stimulated devices that can respond to light signals in a synapse‐like fashion. Here, a facile solution process to fabricate light‐stimulated synaptic transistors based on inorganic halide perovskite quantum dots and organic semiconductors is reported.
Benefiting from the advantages of organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs), including synthetic versatility of organic molecular design and environmental sensitivity, gas sensors based on OFETs have ...drawn much attention in recent years. Potential applications focus on the detection of specific gas species such as explosive, toxic gases, or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that play vital roles in environmental monitoring, industrial manufacturing, smart health care, food security, and national defense. To achieve high sensitivity, selectivity, and ambient stability with rapid response and recovery speed, the regulation and adjustment of the nano/microstructure of the organic semiconductor (OSC) layer has proven to be an effective strategy. Here, the progress of OFET gas sensors with nano/microstructure is selectively presented. Devices based on OSC films one dimensional (1D) single crystal nanowires, nanorods, and nanofibers are introduced. Then, devices based on two dimensional (2D) and ultrathin OSC films, fabricated by methods such as thermal evaporation, dip‐coating, spin‐coating, and solution‐shearing methods are presented, followed by an introduction of porous OFET sensors. Additionally, the applications of nanostructured receptors in OFET sensors are given. Finally, an outlook in view of the current research state is presented and eight further challenges for gas sensors based on OFETs are suggested.
The present work summarizes the latest progresses in organic field‐effect transistor (OFET) gas sensors with nano/microstructure. Fabrication techniques in modulating the organic semiconductor (OSC) micro/nano structures from different dimensions, including one dimensional (1D) single crystal nanowires, nanorods and nanofibers, two dimensional (2D) and ultrathin OSC films, and porous OFET sensors are presented. Additionally, the applications of nanostructured receptors in OFET sensors are given.
Implementing synaptic functions with electronic devices is critical to achieve neuromorphic systems on the hardware platform, as synapses play important roles in brain computing and memory. Synapses ...modulated by light signals, which are also referred as photonic synapses, can not only make effective use of the outstanding properties of light to provide devices with ultrahigh propagation speed, high bandwidth and low crosstalk but also provide a noncontact writing method, which can facilitate the evolution of optical wireless communication and operation. More importantly, real‐time image processing can also be performed by photonic synapses which possess temporary memory. Thus far, tremendous efforts have been taken to design and fabricate photonic synapses. Herein, a summary of the development of different kinds of emerging materials utilized in photonic synaptic devices including memristors, field‐effect transistors, and phase change memory is presented, followed by the innovative applications of photonic synapses for neuromorphic systems. Finally, some current challenges and future study directions are discussed.
Recently, photonic synapses have received much attention due to ultrahigh propagation speed, high bandwidth, and low crosstalk. In addition, they provide a noncontact writing method and bridge the gap between brain computing and visual systems. Except for simulating fundamental synaptic functions, great effort has been paid to construct neuromorphic systems. Herein, a summary of recent progress in photonic synapses for neuromorphic systems is presented.
In order to better predict the petrophysical properties of the tight sandstone reservoirs in the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, China, the nature of the diagenetic system involved ...was investigated using a suite of petrographic and geochemical techniques including thin section and X-Ray Diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, MAPS mineralogy, Cathodeluminescence, electron probe microanalysis and fluid inclusion analysis on a set of selected tight sandstone samples. The sandstones investigated are texturally mature but compositionally immature with an average framework grain composition of Q32F41L27. Authigenic quartz, calcite, and chlorite coatings are the major cements, while feldspars are partially dissolved. Two groups of quartz cement are present in the tight sandstone reservoirs. Smectite to illite conversion provided silica source for the first group of quartz overgrowth (Qo-I), while the silica source for the second quartz overgrowth (Qo-II) was mainly originated from feldspar dissolution. Calcite cements consist of two types, namely Ca-I and Ca-II. The Ca-I calcite cement contains no chlorite coatings and have higher concentrations of Fe2+ and Mg2+, whereas the Ca-II calcite cement developed over the chlorite coatings. Plagioclase dissolution appears to be always accompanied by calcite cementation, while K-feldspar albitization forms euhedral albite locally. The burial diagenesis processes were, in most cases, not episodic but occurred as slow adjustments in response to increased burial depths and temperatures. In all the studied diagenetic minerals, elemental distributions appear to be strictly constrained by the interaction of authigenic minerals involved, indicating that the chemical reactions during the diagenesis comply well with the general principle of mass balance. The diagenesis in the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation tight sandstones was thus mainly developed in a closed geochemical system, where mineral dissolution and precipitation are approximately balanced, and diagenetic fluids were not affected by external sources significantly. Mechanical compaction has played a more important role in destroying the primary porosities of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation than the cementation.
•There are two groups of quartz cement in the tight sandstone reservoirs.•Two types of calcite cement are present in the tight sandstone reservoirs.•Diagenesis of the tight sandstone reservoirs occurred in a closed geochemical system.
Congenital scoliosis(CS) is associated with multiple organs defect, and cardiac abnormalities have been reported commonly associated with CS. Hemivertebra is caused by the failure of vertebral ...formation, which is a major constitute of CS. Till now, few studies focus on the incidence and interrelationship of hemivertebra and concomitant cardiac abnormalities in congenital scoliosis. We aimed to analyze the cardiac defect in CS patients with or without hemivertebra, and further explore the incidence of cardiac defect between different types of hemivertebra.
The ultrasonic cardiography (UCG) results of surgically treated congenital scoliosis (CS) patients between 2015 and 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into hemivertebra group and non-hemivertebra group according to preoperative CT. Patients with hemivertebra was further divided into sub-group by single/multiple or fully/partially/mixed segmented hemivertebra. Demographic information, radiographic data and cardiac abnormalities were statistically compared between groups.
A total of 329 patients were analyzed, including 216 patients with hemivertebra and 113 patients without hemivertebra. UCG results were abnormal in 89 cases (27.1%), including 41 males(12.5%) and 48 females(14.6%). Hemivertebra group had comparable incidence of cardiac abnormalities with non-hemivertebra group (p = 0.517). No significant difference in the incidence of UCG abnormalities between single and multiple hemivertebra group (P = 0.246). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that female sex with multiple hemivertebra was a risk factor for abnormal UCG (P = 0.009, OR = 3.449). Cardiac abnormalities was comparable among fully, partially and mixed segmented hemivertebra group(P = 0.264). In abnormal UCG, 33 patients with hemivertebra had non-valvular abnormalities, and 48.5% (16/33) were septal defects. 28 patients had valvular abnormalities, most of them were mitral valve abnormalities, especially mitral valve redundancy, prolapse and insufficiency(82.1%, 23/28). No significant difference between the incidence of non-valvular and valvular abnormalities in patients with hemivertebra (P = 0.581).
The incidence of abnormal UCG results was approximately 28.2% in CS patients with hemivertebra. Female patients with multiple hemivertebra had a higher risk of UCG abnormalities. Mitral valve abnormalities were the most common abnormality of UCG found in CS patients with hemivertebra.
retrospectively registered.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Background Atopic disease is a major health problem. Mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) confer major susceptibility to eczema and related asthma. Objective We sought to determine the natural ...history and burden of atopic disease conferred by the 2 most common FLG mutations in a large, population-based birth cohort study. Methods We analyzed the effect of the most common null alleles (R501X and 2282del4) on several atopic phenotypes in a cohort of approximately 7000 English children born in 1990-1991. Results FLG null alleles associated strongly with eczema; eczema associated with these mutations presents in early life and is more persistent (hazard ratio for eczema resolution for those with FLG mutations to FLG wild type, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.58-0.77; P = 5 × 10−8 ). FLG mutations conferred a population asthma risk of 1.80 (95% CI, 1.34-2.41; P = .00019); asthma risk was especially high in the context of eczema (odds ratio, 3.16; 95% CI, 2.25-4.43; P = 1.4 × 10−11 ). Strong associations were identified with sensitization to grass, house dust mite, and cat dander and sensitization to multiple allergens (odds ratio, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.03-4.37; P = 5.42 × 10−27 ). Conclusion FLG mutations are strong genetic determinants of eczema, early wheeze, asthma in the context of eczema, and atopic sensitization. They confer risk of a particular trajectory for eczema, with increased duration of disease and greater risk of asthma and multiple allergic sensitizations. FLG alleles help define the risk profile of children with eczema and help define the “eczema plus early wheeze” and “eczema plus asthma” phenotypes.
Achieving highly detailed terrain models spanning vast areas is crucial to modern computer graphics. The pipeline for obtaining such terrains is via amplification of a low-resolution terrain to ...refine the details given a desired theme, which is a time-consuming and labor-intensive process. Recently, data-driven methods, such as the sparse construction tree, have provided a promising direction to equip the artist with better control over the theme.
These methods learn to amplify terrain details by using an exemplar of high-resolution detailed terrains to transfer the theme. In this paper, we propose Generative Adversarial Terrain Amplification (GATA) that achieves better local/global coherence compared to the existing data-driven methods while providing even more ways to control the theme. GATA is comprised of two key ingredients. Thefi rst one is a novel embedding of themes into vectors of real numbers to achieve a single tool for multi-theme amplification. The theme component can leverage existing LIDAR data to generate similar terrain features. It can also generate newfi ctional themes by tuning the embedding vector or even encoding a new example terrain into an embedding. The second one is an adversarially trained model that, conditioned on an embedding and a low-resolution terrain, generates a high-resolution terrain adhering to the desired theme. The proposed integral approach reduces the need for unnecessary manual adjustments, can speed up the development, and brings the model quality to a new level. Our implementation of the proposed method has proved successful in large-scale terrain authoring for an open-world game.
Ferroptosis is a newly discovered non-apoptotic cell death whose key is lipid peroxidation. It has been reported that ferroptosis is involved in the occurrence and development of tumors and nervous ...system and musculoskeletal diseases. Cellular ferroptosis contributes to the imbalance of bone homeostasis and is involved in the development of osteoporosis; however, the detailed mechanism of which is still unclear though it may provide a new direction for anti-osteoporosis. The current drugs used in the treatment of osteoporosis, such as bisphosphonates and teriparatide, have many side effects, increasing people's search for natural compounds to treat osteoporosis. This review paper briefly summarizes the current research regarding the mechanisms of ferroptosis and natural anti-osteoporosis compounds targeting its pathway.
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