Metasurfaces, which represent specially designed structured interfaces, are the key elements of the contemporary flat optics, since it makes possible the effective control of the incident radiation. ...In this article, we suggest a metasurface formed by a liquid layer with suspended silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticle concentration is redistributed under the action of ponderomotive forces induced by an electromagnetic field to form a light-induced diffraction grating with parameters depending on incident radiation intensity. In this paper, the stability of the nanoparticle homogeneous distribution in the field of a normally incident plane light wave is studied, and possible nonlinear stationary states are found.
Objective : to study the issues of legal regulation of intellectual systems for pattern and meaning recognition as part of the system to prevent and suppress offenses committed using information and ...telecommunication network. Methods : dialectical approach to the cognition of social phenomena, which allows analyzing them in their historical development and functioning in the context of objective and subjective factors, which determined the choice of the following research methods: formal-legal, comparative-legal, legal modeling, set theory, graph theory. Results : prevention of offenses includes prophylaxis and procedural forms of prevention of offenses. These two sets of forms share measures to eliminate the circumstances that contribute to the commission of offenses. However, the set of procedural forms of prevention does not include identification of causes and conditions contributing to the commission of offenses. Procedural forms aim at preventing specific types of offenses, while prevention to some extent uses the methods of predictive analytics, assuming the possibility of a negative antisocial event and using various organizational, technological and legal tools and measures. Consequently, prediction of criminal actions is one of the stages of prevention of offenses carried out using predictive analytics of data left by a person. The accuracy of calculations carried out by artificial intelligence (AI) is increasing every year; hence, the accuracy of the obtained probabilities and forecasts is also increasing. Scientific novelty : the article presents an interdisciplinary study of preventing negative social deviations occurring with the use of information and telecommunication network by means of interaction between the hosting providers, using intelligent systems of pattern and meaning recognition, and law enforcement agencies. It was established that the application of AI by law enforcement agencies and their interaction with hosting providers allows not only to identify illegal and socially dangerous content, but also to assess the probability of committing a crime by a particular person. Application of AI by hosting providers allows preventing illegal actions. This can be done by revealing the stage of criminal intent expressed in the information posted by a potential offender, thus minimizing the possibility of the intent outgrowth into real criminal actions. Practical significance : the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering issues related to the legal regulation of AI algorithms, the possibility of their application in order to prevent and suppress offenses committed with the use of information and telecommunications network.
During the outburst of the dwarf nova AY Lac in October 2020, the authors obtained more 2200 CCD-frames in UBVRcIc-bands of the variable. An analysis of the observed photometric series showed that ...superhumps were observed on this type SUWZ star both before early on and in the “B” stage, with periods of 0
d
.058074 and 0
d
.059418, respectively. The change in the shape of the superhumps during the outburst was studied, values of P
dot
= P / P = 6.6 ∙10
-5
and a period excess of ε = 0.024 were found, and a most probable ratio q = 0.11 of the masses of the components was estimated, as well as color temperatures and a number of other quantities. It is shown that AY Lac is a typical WZ Sge-type star in terms of all the characteristics that were studied.
Climate and environmental changes affect species' morphology and ecology, with different responses to shifting abiotic and biotic factors observed across species. Here, we tested how the structural ...body size of the pine marten and its population sex ratio shifted over time alongside climate change. We analysed temporal changes in morphological traits using 11 measurements of pine marten skulls (N = 158) collected between 1903 and 2020 and originating from Poland. We linked them with climatic and primary production variations and assessed demographic shifts by calculating temporal sex ratio changes over 61 years (N = 205). Skull size, as a proxy of body size, increased in response to warmer and less snowy winters. However, changes in primary productivity rapidly shaped postorbital constriction regardless of shifts in body size, potentially demonstrating increased diet diversity in pine marten. Congruent with climate change, the population sex ratio has skewed towards males over time. Our results indicate that climate conditions and primary production affect the structural size of the skull, and we highlight the various potential responses of pine marten morphology and ecology to climate change. Recently, shifting population demographics resulting from these processes may constitute a threat to marten populations.
Climate and environmental changes affect species' morphology and ecology, with different responses to shifting abiotic and biotic factors observed across species. Here, we tested how the structural body size of the pine marten and its population sex ratio shifted over time alongside climate change. We found that skull size, as a proxy of body size, increased in response to warmer and less snowy winters. However, changes in primary productivity rapidly shaped postorbital constriction regardless of shifts in body size, potentially demonstrating increased diet diversity in pine marten. Congruent with climate change, the population sex ratio has skewed towards males over time. Our results indicate that climate conditions and primary production affect the structural size of the skull, and we highlight the various potential responses of pine marten morphology and ecology to climate change.
Objective
: to compare modern approaches in law to the use of program codes and algorithms in decision-making that meet the principles of transparency and openness, as well as the increasingly ...stringent requirements for ensuring the security of personal and other big data obtained and processed algorithmically.
Methods
: the main methods for researching the principle of transparency in algorithmic decision-making were formal-legal and comparative analysis of legal acts and international standards of information security, as well as the principles and legal constructions contained in them.
Results
: it was determined that the development of information security standardization, inclusion in legal acts of requirements for the development of information technologies that comply with the principles of transparency and openness of applied algorithms will minimize the risks associated with the unlawful processing of users' big data and obtaining information about their privacy. Proposals were identified, related to the implementation of algorithmic transparency in the field of data processing legal regulation. Recommendations were formulated, based on which the legislator can solve the problem of ensuring the openness of the logic of information technology algorithms with regard to modern standards of information security.
Scientific novelty
: it consists in the substantiation of new trends and relevant legal approaches, which allow revealing the logic of data processing by digital and information technologies, based on the characterization of European standards of the “privacy by design” concept in new digital and information technologies of decision-making and data protection, as well as on the new legal requirements for artificial intelligence systems, including the requirement to ensure algorithmic transparency, and criteria for personal data and users' big data processing. This said, data protection is understood as a system of legal, technical and organizational principles aimed at ensuring personal data confidentiality.
Practical significance
: it is due to the need to study the best Russian and international practices in protecting the privacy of users of digital and information technologies, as well as the need for legislative provision of requirements for the use of algorithms that meet the principles of transparency and openness of personal data processing, taking into account the need to ensure confidentiality at all stages of the life cycle of their processing, which will ensure the continuity of security management.
An investigation of the optical characteristics of a layer of Ag nanoparticles deposited from an AgNO
3
solution on the surface of single-crystal Si is presented. The measurements were carried out ...using spectroscopic ellipsometry and spectrophotometry at the same tilt angle and sample probe location in a wide spectral range from 200 to 1700 nm. From the obtained experimental data, the parameters of the Drude–Lorentz model and the complex dielectric function were determined, which was compared with the pseudo-dielectric function. Both dependences revealed resonances of a bulk plasmon near the energy
E =
3.8 eV, while a localized plasmon was detected in the pseudo-dielectric function at
E =
1.65 eV, and in the dielectric function at
E =
1.84 eV.
A simple method for obtaining SiO
2
:Ag:Si and Ag:Si hybrid nanostructures is presented. High-temperature annealing of an Ag island film on the surface of c-Si makes it possible to preserve the ...plasmonic properties of Ag nanoparticles and protect them from external influences by coating them with a thermally grown layer of SiO
2
. The calculation of the electric field strength distribution in the structure with embedded Ag nanoparticles in
c
-Si demonstrates the presence of intrinsic “hot spots” at the corners of the nanoparticles, which leads to a maximum enhancement factor (~10
6
) of Raman scattering. A numerical calculation of the dependence of the spectral position of a localized plasmon resonance on the geometry of structures can serve as a basis for their design in the future. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering showed reliable detection of the methyl orange from an aqueous solution at a concentration of <10
–5
M.
Presentation of the first Russian computer program (www.carotidscore.ru) for risk stratification of postoperative complications of carotid endarterectomy (CEE).
The present study is based on the ...analysis of a multicenter Russian database that includes 25,812 patients after CEE operated on from 01/01/2010 to 04/01/2022. The following types of CEE were implemented: 6814 classical CEE with plastic reconstruction of the reconstruction zone with a patch; 18,998 eversion CEE.
In the hospital postoperative period, 0.18% developed a lethal outcome, 0.14%-myocardial infarction, 0.35%-stroke. The combined endpoint was 0.68%. For each factor present in patients, a predictive coefficient was calculated. The prognostic coefficient was a numerical indicator reflecting the strength of the influence of each factor on the development of postoperative complications. Based on this formula, predictive coefficients were calculated for each factor present in patients in our study. The total contribution of these factors was reflected in "%" and denoted the risk of postoperative complications with a minimum value of 0% and a maximum of 100%. On the basis of the obtained calculations, a computer program CarotidSCORE was created. Its graphical interface is based on the QT framework (https://www.qt.io), which has established itself as one of the best solutions for desktop applications. It is possible not only to calculate the probability of developing a complication, but also to save all data about the patient in JSON format (for the patient's personal card and his anamnesis). The CarotidSCORE program contains 47 patient parameters, including clinical-demographic, anamnestic and angiographic characteristics. It allows you to choose one of the four types of CEE, which will provide an accurate stratification of the risk of complications for each of them in person.
CarotidSCORE (www.carotidscore.ru) is able to determine the likelihood of postoperative complications in patients undergoing CEE.
It is shown that direct electric current passing through a suspension of gyrotropic nanoparticles with residual magnetization (gyrotropic liquid metacrystal) forms a unidirectional waveguide for ...optical radiation so that trapped light can propagate only in the direction opposite to the direction of current. The localization of electromagnetic radiation is associated with the emergence of nonuniform gyrotropy of the medium as a result of reorientation of magnetic nanoparticles in the nonuniform magnetic field of the current. By way of examples, we consider the trapping of the radiation by a plane current sheet and by a cylindrical current-carrying filament. The dispersion equations of trapped modes are derived and analyzed. The analogy with topologically protected edge photon states is considered.
The scattering features of radiation incident on a periodically modulated boundary of a hyperbolic medium (HM) are studied numerically. An optimal (in a certain class of functions)—sawtooth—profile ...shape is found that provides minimum reflection in a wide range of wavelengths. It is shown that, for a certain orientation of the optical axes of the HM, “hot points” appear on the sawtooth boundary, that are responsible for the subwavelength field localization. A generalization is implemented of the numerical method based on the Green’s second identity for the field calculation.
