•We identified faults and volcanic suites in the Chinese Altai orogen, Junggar Basin, Tianshan orogen, and Tarim Basin regions.•The Junggar Basin has a basement composed of oceanic crustal material ...or continental-like material.•Mantle upwelling occurred during the Late Carboniferous–Cretaceous in the West Junggar orogenic belt.
In this study, an aeromagnetic dataset is used to investigate the crustal structure in the region across the Chinese Altai orogen, Junggar Basin, Tianshan orogen, and Northern Tarim Basin, providing insights into the unclear nature of the basement of the Junggar Basin. The aeromagnetic data are for a region containing the Chinese Altai, Junggar Basin, Tianshan Mountains, and Tarim Basin. On the basis of magnetic anomalies, we identify several faults and volcanic suites in this region. According to the magnetic characteristics, gravity anomalies, and crustal thickness, we suggest that the Junggar Basin has a basement composed of oceanic crustal material or continental-like material. Mantle upwelling occurred in the West Junggar orogenic belt during the Late Carboniferous–Cretaceous. The faults we have identified provide useful insights into the tectonic development in the northwestern Central Asian Orogenic Belt.
The complexity of fMRI signals quantifies temporal dynamics of spontaneous neural activity, which has been increasingly recognized as providing important insights into cognitive functions and ...psychiatric disorders. However, its heritability and structural underpinnings are not well understood. Here, we utilize multi-scale sample entropy to extract resting-state fMRI complexity in a large healthy adult sample from the Human Connectome Project. We show that fMRI complexity at multiple time scales is heritable in broad brain regions. Heritability estimates are modest and regionally variable. We relate fMRI complexity to brain structure including surface area, cortical myelination, cortical thickness, subcortical volumes, and total brain volume. We find that surface area is negatively correlated with fine-scale complexity and positively correlated with coarse-scale complexity in most cortical regions, especially the association cortex. Most of these correlations are related to common genetic and environmental effects. We also find positive correlations between cortical myelination and fMRI complexity at fine scales and negative correlations at coarse scales in the prefrontal cortex, lateral temporal lobe, precuneus, lateral parietal cortex, and cingulate cortex, with these correlations mainly attributed to common environmental effects. We detect few significant associations between fMRI complexity and cortical thickness. Despite the non-significant association with total brain volume, fMRI complexity exhibits significant correlations with subcortical volumes in the hippocampus, cerebellum, putamen, and pallidum at certain scales. Collectively, our work establishes the genetic basis and structural correlates of resting-state fMRI complexity across multiple scales, supporting its potential application as an endophenotype for psychiatric disorders.
•fMRI complexity at multiple time scales is heritable across most brain regions.•fMRI complexity is related to surface area (SA) and cortical myelination (CM).•SA-complexity correlations mainly relate to common genetic and environmental effects.•CM-complexity correlations are primarily associated with environmental correlations.•fMRI complexity at certain scales relates to the volumes of some subcortical areas.
Abstract
While the link between brain structure and function remains an ongoing challenge, the prevailing hypothesis is that the structure-function relationship may itself be gradually decoupling ...from unimodal to transmodal cortex. However, this hypothesis is constrained by the underlying models which may neglect requisite information. Here we relate structural and functional connectivity derived from diffusion and functional MRI through orthogonal eigenmodes governing frequency-specific diffusion patterns. We find that low-frequency eigenmodes contribute little to functional interactions in transmodal cortex, resulting in divergent structure-function relationships. Conversely, high-frequency eigenmodes predominantly support neuronal coactivation patterns in these areas, inducing structure-function convergence along a unimodal-transmodal hierarchy. High-frequency information, although weak and scattered, could enhance the structure-function tethering, especially in transmodal association cortices. Our findings suggest that the structure-function decoupling may not be an intrinsic property of brain organization, but can be narrowed through multiplexed and regionally specialized spatiotemporal propagation regimes.
Whether the central metamorphic belt of the Qiangtang terrane in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau should be attributed to a suture zone, is still heavily debated, due to inadequate deep structure ...constraints. Using the data collected from 16 stations in the northern part of the Hi-Climb profile and 16 broadband seismic stations recently arranged in the northern part of Gaize County, this study developed a broadband seismic profile running through the in-situ Central Qiangtang Metamorphic Belt (CQMB) roughly along 84.5°E. Significantly characteristics of the crust and mantle structure beneath the profile were obtained through P-wave receiver function analyses: (i) The south Qiangtang terrane has a complex Moho structure at depth 56–82 km, while the north Qiangtang terrane has a nearly horizontal Moho at depth approximately 62 km. Moreover, the northward-inclining Moho is noticeably dislocated with a maximum offset of approximately 18 km under the CQMB. (ii) The crustal low-velocity zones on both sides of the CQMB are transversely discontinuous and are also distinct from each other. (iii) A northward-subducting interface occurs beneath the in-situ CQMB (34.0°N–34.5° N). Based on the geological outcrops and their petrological analysis, the structural characteristics beneath the CQMB are interpreted as the traces of the Longmucuo-Shuanghu suture zone, which was formed by the northward subduction-collision of the south Qiangtang terrane left after the closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean at the end of the Triassic.
•Obvious difference in the crust-mantle structure along the Profile 84.5°E in the western Qiangtang through P-wave receiver function analyses.•The northward-inclining Moho structure under the in-situ CQMB is noticeably dislocated, with a maximum offset of approximately 18 km.•The in-situ CQMB is interpreted as the traces of the Longmucuo-Shuanghu suture zone.
This paper presents a model for estimating the moisture of loess from an image grayscale value. A series of well-controlled air-dry tests were performed on saturated Malan loess, and the moisture ...content of the loess sample during the desiccation process was automatically recorded while the soil images were continually captured using a photogrammetric device equipped with a CMOS image sensor. By converting the red, green, and blue (RGB) image into a grayscale one, the relationship between the water content and grayscale value, referred to as the water content–gray value characteristic curve (WGCC), was obtained; the impacts of dry density, particle size distribution, and illuminance on WGCC were investigated. It is shown that the grayscale value increases as the water content decreases; based on the rate of increase of grayscale value, the WGCC can be segmented into three stages: slow-rise, rapid-rise, and asymptotically stable stages. The influences that dry density and particle size distribution have on WGCC are dependent on light reflection and transmission, and this dependence is closely related to soil water types and their relative proportion. Besides, the WGCC for a given soil sample is unique if normalized with illuminance. The mechanism behind the three stages of WGCC is discussed in terms of visible light reflection. A mathematical model was proposed to describe WGCC, and the physical meaning of the model parameters was interpreted. The proposed model is validated independently using another six different types of loess samples and is shown to match well the experimental data. The results of this study can provide a reference for the development of non-contact soil moisture monitoring methods as well as relevant sensors and instruments.
Objective:
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) has a high recurrence rate, but the risk factor–associated recurrence are elusive.
Methods:
Searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane ...library, Web of science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Sino Med up to November 3, 2019. The effect size was analyzed by odds ratio and 95% CI. Data from eligible studies were meta-analyzed using Stata version 15.0.
Results:
Our search resulted in a total of 4076 hits. Twenty-four outcomes of sixty articles were included in the meta-analysis. Risk factors for the recurrence of BPPV included female gender, age (≥65years), hyperlipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, migraine, cervical spondylosis, osteopenia/osteoporosis, head trauma, otitis media, abnormal vestibular evoked myogenic potential, and long use of computers. No significant differences were found in side, type of the involved semicircular canals, smoking, alcohol consumption, stroke, ear surgery, duration of vertigo before treatment, the times of repositioning, Meniere disease, sleep disorders, hypercholesterolemia, and 25-hydroxy vitamin D.
Conclusion:
These findings strengthen clinical awareness of early warning to identify patients with potential relapse risk of BPPV and clinicians should counsel patients regarding the importance of follow-up after diagnosis of BPPV.
Abstract A good group reputation often facilitates more efficient synergistic teamwork in production activities. Here we translate this simple motivation into a reputation-based synergy and ...discounting mechanism in the public goods game. Specifically, the reputation type of a group, either good or bad determined by a reputation threshold, modifies the nonlinear payoff structure described by a unified reputation impact factor. Results show that this reputation-based incentive mechanism could effectively promote cooperation compared with linear payoffs, despite the coexistence of synergy and discounting effects. Notably, the complicated interactions between reputation impact and reputation threshold result in a sharp phase transition from full cooperation to full defection. We also find that the presence of a few discounting groups could increase the average payoffs of cooperators, leading to an interesting phenomenon that when the reputation threshold is raised, the gap between the average payoffs of cooperators and defectors increases while the overall payoff decreases. We further extend our framework to heterogeneous situations and show how the variability of individuals affect the evolutionary outcomes. Our work provides important insights into facilitating cooperation in social groups.
•Mixup-LGBM is suitable for soil salinity prediction with sparse samples.•The Mixup has potential for dealing with complex sample-sparsity regression tasks.•The Bayesian optimization algorithm can ...improve the adaptability of the model.•SHAP value can visualize the decision-making process of the black-box model.
Soil salinization is a major environmental risk caused by natural or human activities especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Machine learning for rapidly monitoring large-scale spatial soil salinization becomes possible. However, machine learning often needs large training samples and obtaining extensive soil salinization information by field investigation is laborious and difficult. In practice, the field soil sampling datasets are often sparse and non-normally distributed. The intricacy of features extracted from remote sensing images increases the model complexity and often leads to degradation in the prediction performance. To solve this problem, an integrative framework is proposed to predict soil salt content (SSC) based on light gradient boosting machine (LGBM). In this model, we first introduce the data augmentation method (Mixup) to improve sample diversity and alleviate model overfitting by the sparsity of samples. To improve the generalization and robustness of the model in different spatial heterogeneity of soil salinization, the Mixup-LGBM model is adaptively and jointly optimized by combining hyperparameters and feature selection in a Bayesian optimization framework. Furthermore, model interpretability is improved using shapley additive explanations (SHAP) value based on the combination of the confidence of the synthetic data through model visualization and feature importance assessment. In addition, different cases are simulated to test the model performance. In Case I, the raw sample-sparsity model using the data augmentation algorithm has higher prediction accuracy than other unused models. In Case Ⅱ, the extreme sample-sparsity model still achieves satisfactory results while the other models can’t learn any effective information after multiple iterations. The experimental results reveal that the proposed model can automatically find representative features in heterogeneous environments and has strong adaptability in different study areas. This finding indicates that digital elevation model (DEM) has a high influence on SSC in both study areas. Besides the DEM, soil salinization in the Manasi River Basin is more sensitive to human activities, while that in the Werigan–Kuqa River Delta Oasis is more sensitive to natural factors. The Mixup-LGBM model is suitable for predicting SSC in different sample sparsity scenarios while ensuring the high accuracy. The model has considerable potential for dealing with other complex sample sparsity regression tasks.
The stoichiometry of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus (C:N:P) among leaves, stems, and roots reflects trade-offs in plants for acquiring resources and their growth strategy. The widely distributed ...plant
Alhagi sparsifolia
is an ideal species to study the ecological stoichiometry in different organs in response to the availability of nutrients and water in the desert ecosystem. However, which response of organs is most sensitive to environmental conditions is still unclear. To answer this question, we collected samples of plants and soils including not only aboveground leaves and stems, but also underground roots and soils from a wide range of arid areas during the growing season. The C, N, P, C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios in leaves, thorns, stems, and roots were derived to explore their relationship as well as their response mechanisms to nutrients and water spanning 1 m deep in the soil. The results showed that the order of N concentration was leaves > thorns > stems > roots, that the concentration of P in the leaves, thorns, and stems was similar, and that their values were higher than those in the roots. First, the C:N ratios in the leaves and stems were significantly positively correlated with the ratio in roots. The C:N ratios in each organ showed a significant relationship with the soil alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen (SAN) above a depth of 60 cm. In addition to SAN, soil available phosphorus (SAP) and soil organic carbon (SOC) affect the C:N ratio in the roots. Second, the C:P and N:P ratios in aboveground organs showed no correlations with the ratios in roots. The C:P and N:P ratios in the leaves and thorns have no relationship with soil nutrients, while the C:P ratio in roots was influenced by SAN and SOC in all soil layers. Finally, the N:P ratios in roots were also affected by nutrients in different soil depths at 0–20 and 60–80 cm. These results illustrate that the roots were more sensitive to soil nutrients than the aboveground parts. Our study of ecological stoichiometry also suggests a novel systematic approach for analyzing the sensitivity of responses of an organ to environmental conditions.
•Polyoxometalate precursor and organic ammonia were locked in the channel of silica.•Generated C16H33(CH3)2NOH3{PO4WO(O2)24} was soluble and trapped in the channel.•Dibenzothiophene was oxidized ...efficiently (H2O2/S molar ratio was 4:1).•The heterogeneous catalyst was easy for reuse and highly stable.•Solid phase extraction was used for products (sulfones) separation.
A surfactant polyoxometalate compound C16H33(CH3)2NOH3{PO4WO(O2)24} was encapsulated in the channels of silica to compose a micro reaction-controlled phase-transfer system for efficient oxidative desulfurization. It provides enhanced catalytic performance for dibenzothiophene oxidation. Dibenzothiophene (DBT) can be oxidized efficiently at mild conditions (atmospheric pressure, 70°C, H2O2/S molar ratio is 4:1) with S-conversion near 100%. Furthermore, DBTO2 can be removed via solid phase extraction using silica gel. It provides a strategy to produce near sulfur free motor fuel.
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