In this study, the Chrome Azurol Sulphonate (CAS) agar plate assay for siderophores was used to screen bacteria from the rhizospheric soil of pepper in Hainan, China. As a result, Bacillus subtilis ...CAS15, which produced a large orange halo, was obtained. A dual-culture test showed that CAS15 strongly antagonized the growth of 15 plant fungal pathogens, with rates of inhibition ranging from 19.26 to 94.07%. Analysis of the siderophore production by the ESI-MS and DHB(G) assays showed that CAS15 produced the catecholic siderophore 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate-glycine-threonine trimeric ester bacillibactin, and that siderophore productivity was inhibited by iron. A pot culture experiment was used to study the effects of B. subtilis CAS15 on pathogen development and plant growth. CAS15 reduced the incidence of Fusarium wilt in pepper significantly, by 12.5–56.9%, which indicated that B. subtilis CAS15 induced systemic resistance to Fusarium wilt in pepper. Iron supplementation reduced this biocontrol effect. There were significant differences in plant height at 14, 21, 28 and 40 days, with treated plants growing 27.24–54.53% taller than controls. B. subtilis CAS15 also enhanced the yield of pepper by shortening the time to 50 percent flowering to 17.26 days, increasing the average fruit weight 36.92%, and increasing the average yield per plant 49.68%. This research showed that B. subtilis CAS15 has great potential for plant growth promotion and biological control.
►Siderophore producing. ► Bacillus subtilis. ► Biocontrol and plant growth promotion effect. ► Pepper.
JWB phytoplasma is a kind of insect-transmitted and uncultivable bacterial plant pathogen causeing a destructive Jujube disease. To date, no genome information about JWB phytoplasma has been ...published, which hindered its characterization at genomic level. To understand its pathogenicity and ecology, the genome of a JWB phytoplasma isolate jwb-nky was sequenced and compared with other phytoplasmas enabled us to explore the mechanisms of genomic rearrangement.
The complete genome sequence of JWB phytoplasma (jwb-nky) was determined, which consisting of one circular chromosome of 750,803 bp with a GC content of 23.3%. 694 protein-encoding genes, 2 operons for rRNA genes and 31 tRNA genes as well as 4 potential mobile units (PMUs) containing clusters of DNA repeats were identified. Based on PHIbaes analysis, a large number of genes were genome-specific and approximately 13% of JWB phytoplasma genes were predicted to be associated with virulence. Although transporters for maltose, dipeptides/oligopeptides, spermidine/putrescine, cobalt, Mn/Zn and methionine were identified, KEGG pathway analysis revealed the reduced metabolic capabilities of JWB phytoplasma. Comparative genome analyses between JWB phytoplasma and other phytoplasmas shows the occurrence of large-scale gene rearrangements. The low synteny with other phytoplasmas indicated that the expansion of multiple gene families/duplication probably occurred separately after differentiation.
In this study, the complete genome sequence of a JWB phytoplasma isolate jwb-nky that causing JWB disease was reported for the first time and a number of species-specific genes were identified in the genome. The study enhanced our understandings about genomic basis and the pathogenicity mechanism of this pathogen, which will aid in the development of improved strategies for efficient management of JWB diseases.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Identifying the appropriate harvesting stage of jujube fruit is of high interest since the changes in physiological indicators during the fruit maturation may influence the fruit nutritional quality. ...The present study aimed at assessing the effect of the maturation stages on the nutritional composition and quality of the Chinese jujube variety 'Dongzao.' Fresh fruits were harvested at three consecutive maturity stages: white (W), semi-red (SR), and full-red (R) stage, for analyzing a wide range of nutritional constituents. Our results showed significant effects of the maturity stage on the fruit nutritional constituents. Soluble sugars and dietary fibers (mainly lignin and hemicellulose) highly increased in the fruit. Total flavonoids, carotenoids, and saponin contributing to the antioxidant capacity of the fruit were fairly decreased over the maturity stages. Except for citric, ascorbic, and succinic acids, all the organic acids increased in the fruit. Interestingly, jujube fruit is a good source of essential amino acids (26% of the total amino acids), and also gradually accumulated cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) during the maturation. From our results, the semi-red stage seems to be the most appropriate for harvesting the jujube fruit in order to preserve its bioactive compounds.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The Chinese jujube (
Mill., 2
= 2
= 24), one of the most popular fruit trees in Asia, is widely cultivated and utilized in China, where it is traditionally consumed as both a fresh and dried food ...resource. A high-density genetic map can provide the necessary framework for quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses and map-based gene cloning and molecular breeding. In this study, we constructed a new high-density genetic linkage map
a genotyping-by-sequencing approach. For the consensus linkage map, a total of 3,792 markers spanning 2,167.5 cM were mapped onto 12 linkage groups, with an average marker interval distance of 0.358 cM. The genetic map anchored 301 Mb (85.7%) of scaffolds from the sequenced
.
"Junzao" genome. Based on this genetic map, 30 potential QTLs were detected, including 27 QTLs for leaf traits and 3 QTLs for needling length. This high-density genetic map and the identified QTLs for relevant agronomic traits lay the groundwork for functional genetic mapping, map-based cloning, and marker-assisted selection in jujube.
The belief in online news has become a topical issue. Previous studies demonstrated the role emotion plays in fake news vulnerability. However, few studies have explored the effect of empathy on ...online news belief. This study investigated the relationship between trait empathy, state empathy, belief in online news, and the potential moderating effect of news type. One hundred and forty undergraduates evaluated 50 online news pieces (25 real, 25 fake) regarding their belief, state empathy, valence, arousal, and familiarity. Trait empathy data were collected using the Chinese version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. State empathy was positively correlated with affective empathy in trait empathy and believability, and affective empathy was positively correlated with believability. The influence of affective empathy on news belief was partially mediated by state empathy and regulated by news type (fake, real). We discuss the influence of empathy on online news belief and its internal processes. This study shares some unique insights for researchers, practitioners, social media users, and social media platform providers.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Recent studies have revealed the instability of the action-sentence compatibility effect (ACE). The current study was designed to demonstrate the hypothesis that the instability of the ACE may be ...attributed to the instability of focused information in a sentence. A pilot study indicated that the focused information of sentences was relatively stable in the sentence-picture verification task but exhibited significant interindividual variability in the action-sentence compatibility paradigm in previous studies. Experiments 1 and 2 examined the effect of sentence focus on the shape match effect and the ACE by manipulating the focused information of sentences using the focus marker word "" (is). Experiment 1 found that the shape match effect occurred in the original sentence, while it disappeared when the word "" (is) was used to make an object noun no longer the focus of a sentence. Experiment 2 failed to observe the ACE regardless of whether the sentence focus was on the action information. Experiment 3 modified the focus manipulation to observe its impact on the ACE using different fonts and underlines to highlight the focused information. The results indicated that the ACE only occurred when the action information was the sentence focus. These findings suggest that sentence focus influences mental simulation, and the instability of the ACE is likely to be associated with the instability of sentence focus in previous studies. This outcome highlights the crucial role of identifying specific information as the critical element expressed in the current linguistic context for successful simulation.
•Transcriptomic and metabolic analysis of jujube fruit peel coloring during ripening.•Strong accumulation of malvidin and delphidin correlated with peel reddening.•Differentially expressed genes in ...the flavonoid synthesis pathway identified.•3 UFGT genes may play essential functions for the accumulation of anthocyanins.
Coloring is an important external quality of jujube fruit (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), however during long-term storage, its commercial value degrades as the peel color and lustre significantly fade. Here, the gene expression and metabolite concentration were profiled in the fruit peel of jujube harvested at three ripening periods to elucidate the color formation mechanism. A strong accumulation of malvidin 3-O-glucoside and delphinidin 3-O-glucoside correlated with the reddening of jujube peel. At the onset of the fruit ripening, strong activities of the genes in the early steps of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway were observed. During the last ripening periods, three UDP-glucose flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) involved in the accumulation of anthocyanins were significantly increased and their proper manipulation could delay the peel reddening. This study sheds light on the metabolic pathways and candidate genes underlying the peel coloration in jujube and lays a foundation for the improvement of jujube fruit appeal during long-term storage.
•A F1 hybrids population with 111 progenies of Chinese Jujube was constructed via open crossing and identification of male parents by SSR.•The average size of progeny leaves was smaller than that of ...both parents.•The variation in leaf length, leaf width, and leaf area among F1 progenies conformed to normal distributions, which can be used as QTL.
To study the genetic characters of leaf variation in Ziziphus jujuba Mill., a 201-seedling natural crossing population was constructed with Z. jujuba ‘Dongzao’ and Z. jujuba ‘Jinsi 4’. The progeny seedlings were genotyped and their male parents were identified using 8 SSR loci. After genotyping by Cervus 3.0, 84 alleles were detected in the population, with an average allele number of 10.5 and an average observed heterozygosity of 0.801. From the alleles, 111 individuals (55.5% of the total number of progeny) were identified as the progeny of ‘Jinsi 4’ with a confidence interval of 95%, and no progeny resulting from self-pollination of ‘Dongzao’ was detected. Leaves of the ‘Jinsi 4’ progeny were characterized based on leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, specific leaf weight and chlorophyll content. Leaf area gradually decreased, and the average size of progeny leaves was smaller than that of the parents’ leaves; in fact, the leaf area of almost none of the progeny exceeded that of the parents. The leaf phenotypic characters conformed to a normal distribution. Specifically, the h2 of leaf area was as high as 0.9, and the h2 of leaf length, leaf width, chlorophyll content and leaf index exceeded 0.85. This study demonstrated the law of separation and variation in the leaves of hybrid progenies and provided a reference for constructing a genetic map with quantitative trait loci and selecting superior progenies.
Jujube witches' broom disease occurs severely in jujube producing areas in Hebei, Henan and Shandong of China, and the diseased plant rate is generally 3% -5% or up to more than 30% in severe cases, ...causing great loss to the production of jujube trees2. ...repeatedly, the ones that ultimately did not develop disease were regarded as the germplasm with resistance to witches' broom disease. 2.3 Research and judgment of resistance effect against jujube witches' broom disease When the selected rootstock saplings were grafted with susceptible varieties, the rootstock and variety were simultaneously grafted with diseased bark for resistance identification. ...plastic film should be covered to preserve moisture (Fig. 2c). 3Results and analysis 3.1 Screening results of wild jujube resources with resistance to witches' broom disease Sowing seedlings and cutting seedlings of wild jujube could be inoculated with the virus by attaching diseased barií in autumn of the sowing and planting year or early summer of the following year, and most of the symptoms would appear in the following year after inoculation.
•Phenotypic traits performances of somatic chromosome doubling neopolyploids growing in greenhouse and in the field were examined.•Neopolyploids showed a wide range of variation in vegetative ...traits.•All neopolyploids had shorter plant height than their diploid control.•Neopolyploid generally had thicker leaf lamina than their diploid control.
The induction of polyploidy to improve agronomically and economically useful characters is a process commonly used in crop plants. Neopolyploids were obtained from the diploid pear cultivar ‘Fertility’ by in vitro colchicine treatment. Different clones of polyploids were rooted to be transferred to the greenhouse and then to the net house, a survey orchard was established. The morphological characteristics and the performance of 3 tetraploid clones, 2 triploid clones, 1 mixploid clone and a diploid control were investigated under greenhouse and field conditions. Results revealed that plants of different neopolyploids showed markedly different phenotypic traits. Compared to the diploid control, three out of four polyploid clones plants had significantly thicker leaves and a shorter petiole length. The significance of the difference in leaf index (ratio of leaf lamina length to leaf lamina width) between diploid and polyploids depended on the individual clone of the neopolyploid plants. In the greenhouse and the field, the triploid clone ‘3x−1’ and the tetraploid clones ‘4x−1’ and ‘4x−2’ had significantly decreased leaf index, and the triploid ‘3x−2’ had significantly increased leaf index. However, the tetraploid clone ‘4x−4’ and the mixploid clone ‘Mix−1” showed phenotypic abnormalities, such as stunted growth and leaf malformation. The ex vivo grafted shoots of the pentaploid ‘5x−1’ and ‘5x−2’ were very difficult to maintain or had a very short survival period. The grafted plants of triploid ‘3x−2’ showed a compact habit. Most neopolyploid plants had significantly shorter internodes and all had reduced plant height compared to the height of their parent diploid plants.
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