Hyperactivity of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus is a prominent feature in depression and may be important in the etiology of ...this disease. The activity of the CRF neurons in the stress response is modulated by a number of factors that stimulate or inhibit CRF expression, including (1) corticosteroid receptors and their chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 and 90, (2) sex hormone receptors, (3) CRF receptors 1 (CRFR1) and 2, (4) cytokines interleukin 1-beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, (5) neuropeptides and receptors, vasopressin (AVP), AVP receptor 1a (AVPR1A) and oxytocin and (6) transcription factor cAMP-response element-binding protein. We hypothesized that, in depression, the transcript levels of those genes that are involved in the activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are upregulated, whereas the transcript levels of the genes involved in the inhibition of the HPA axis are downregulated. We performed laser microdissection and real-time PCR in the PVN and as a control in the supraoptic nucleus. Snap-frozen post-mortem hypothalami of seven depressed and seven matched controls were used. We found significantly increased CRF mRNA levels in the PVN of the depressed patients. This was accompanied by a significantly increased expression of four genes that are involved in the activation of CRF neurons, that is, CRFR1, estrogen receptor-alpha, AVPR1A and mineralocorticoid receptor, while the expression of the androgen receptor mRNA involved in the inhibition of CRF neurons was decreased significantly. These findings raise the possibility that a disturbed balance in the production of receptors may contribute to the activation of the HPA axis in depression.
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•Defect-free functionally graded material of HSLA steel to Cu-based alloy was successfully produced.•By synchrotron X-ray diffraction the interface revealed a mixture of Cu (FCC), Fe ...(BCC), and Fe(FCC) in the interface region.•Microhardness ranged from 260 HV1 to 120 HV1.
In this work, a functionally graded material (FGM) part was fabricated by depositing a Cu-based alloy on top of a high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel by twin-wire and arc additive manufacturing (T-WAAM). Copper and steel parts are of interest in many industries since they can combine high thermal/electrical conductivity, wear resistance with excellent mechanical properties. However, mixing copper with steel is difficult due to mismatches in the coefficient of thermal expansion, in the melting temperature, and crystal structure. Moreover, the existence of a miscibility gap during solidification, when the melt is undercooled, causes serious phase separation and segregation during solidification which greatly affects the mechanical properties. Copper and steel control samples and the functionally graded material specimen were fabricated and investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Retained δ-ferrite was found in a Cu matrix at the interface region due to regions with mixed composition. A smooth gradient of hardness and electric conductivity along the FGM sample height was obtained. An ultimate tensile strength of 690 MPa and an elongation at fracture of 16.6% were measured in the FGM part.
Functional genomics studies have led to the discovery of a large amount of non-coding RNAs from the human genome; among them are long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Emerging evidence indicates that ...lncRNAs could have a critical role in the regulation of cellular processes such as cell growth and apoptosis as well as cancer progression and metastasis. As master gene regulators, lncRNAs are capable of forming lncRNA-protein (ribonucleoprotein) complexes to regulate a large number of genes. For example, lincRNA-RoR suppresses p53 in response to DNA damage through interaction with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein I (hnRNP I). The present study demonstrates that hnRNP I can also form a functional ribonucleoprotein complex with lncRNA urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 (UCA1) and increase the UCA1 stability. Of interest, the phosphorylated form of hnRNP I, predominantly in the cytoplasm, is responsible for the interaction with UCA1. Moreover, although hnRNP I enhances the translation of p27 (Kip1) through interaction with the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of p27 mRNAs, the interaction of UCA1 with hnRNP I suppresses the p27 protein level by competitive inhibition. In support of this finding, UCA1 has an oncogenic role in breast cancer both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we show a negative correlation between p27 and UCA in the breast tumor cancer tissue microarray. Together, our results suggest an important role of UCA1 in breast cancer.
In this work, laser welding of a rolled CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy to 316 stainless steel was performed. Defect-free joints were obtained. The microstructure evolution across the welded joints was ...assessed and rationalized by coupling electron microscopy, high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction, mechanical property evaluation, and thermodynamic calculations. The fusion zone microstructure was composed of a single FCC phase, and a hardness increase at this location was observed. Such results can be attributed to the formation of a new solid solution (arising from the mixing of the two base materials). Moreover, the incorporation of carbon in the fusion zone upon melting of the stainless steel also aids in the strengthening effect observed. The welded joints presented good mechanical properties, with fracture occurring at the fusion zone. This can be ascribed to the non-favourable, i.e., large grain size, microstructure that developed at this location.
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The tribological properties of magnesium silicate hydroxide (MSH) synthesized at different hydrothermal conditions as lubricant additives were investigated. The morphologies and structures of ...synthetic MSH were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD and XRF. The tribological properties of MSH were evaluated using a four-ball friction and wear tester. It is found that different morphologies and structures of MSH are formed through different mechanisms depending on the temperature and reaction-time. Using synthetic MSH as an additive forms a tribofilm on the sliding surface and significantly improve the tribological properties of the oil. MSH with a tubular crystal structure has the best anti-wear property because it is more likely to deposit, adsorb and spread on the friction surface, and thus forms a denser tribofilm.
•MSH are formed through different mechanisms depending on hydrothermal conditions.•Temperature and time are the main influencing factors of morphology of MSH.•MSH with different structures all can improve the anti-wear property of oil.•Tubular MSH has better anti-wear property than lamellar MSH at maximum pressure of 3.91 GPa.•Tubular MSH is more readily to form a tribofilm on the worn surfaces than lamellar MSH.
ABSTRACT
Emotion regulation is critical for optimal functioning across a wide range of domains and may be even more important for individuals in high‐risk environments. While evidence suggests that ...childhood is generally a period of emotion regulation growth and development, research is needed to examine factors that may contribute to deviations from a typical trajectory. In a prospective study of 1,905 children, latent class growth analysis (LCGA) was used to identify trajectory groups of emotion regulation across toddlerhood (age 14–36 months), examine predictors of those trajectory groups from child temperament, parenting behaviors, and environmental risk, and explore predictions of resilience in 5th grade from the identified groups. LGCA supported a three‐class model, with a Stable Incline group, a Decline group, and a Catch‐Up group. Child negative emotionality, positive and negative parenting, and environmental risk predicted group membership. These trajectory groups in toddlerhood were predictive of child resilient functioning in the 5th grade. Our findings highlight the importance of utilizing developmental models of emotion regulation and provide implications for prevention and early intervention services to enhance emotion regulation development in early childhood.
RESUMEN
La regulación de la emoción es crítica para el funcionamiento óptimo a lo largo de una amplia gama de dominios, y pudiera ser aún más importante para individuos en ambientes de alto riesgo. Aunque la evidencia sugiere que la niñez es generalmente un período de crecimiento y desarrollo de la regulación emocional, se necesita investigación para examinar los factores que pudieran contribuir a las desviaciones de esta trayectoria. En un estudio de probabilidad de 1,905 niños, se usó un análisis de crecimiento de clase latente (LCGA) para identificar grupos de trayectoria de la regulación emocional a lo largo de la primera infancia (edad 14–36 meses), examinar los factores de predicción de esos grupos de trayectoria como el temperamento del niño, conductas de crianza, y riesgo del ambiente, y explorar las predicciones de resistencia de los grupos en el quinto grado. LCGA apoyó un modelo de tres clases, con un grupo inclinado a la estabilidad, un grupo que disminuye, y un grupo que trata de alcanzar. La emocionalidad negativa del niño, la crianza positiva y negativa, así como el riesgo del ambiente predijeron la pertenencia al grupo. Estos grupos de trayectoria en la primera infancia predijeron el funcionamiento de la resistencia en el quinto grado. Nuestros resultados subrayan la importancia de utilizar modelos de desarrollo de la regulación de la emoción y proveer implicaciones para la prevención y servicios de intervención temprana.
RÉSUMÉ
La régulation de l’émotion est critique pour le fonctionnement optimal au travers d'un grand éventail de domaines et peut être même plus importante pour les individus dans des environnements à haut risque. Alors que l’évidence suggère que l'enfance est généralement une période de croissance de la régulation de l’émotion et de son développement, des recherches sont nécessaires afin d'examiner les facteurs qui pourraient contribuer à des déviations de cette trajectoire. Dans une étude prospective de 1 905 enfants, une analyse de la croissance à classes latentes (LGCA) a été utilisée afin d'identifier des groupes de trajectoires de la régulation de l’émotion au travers de la petite enfance (âge de 14–36 mois), d'examiner les prédicteurs de ces groupes de trajectoire à partir du tempérament de l'enfant, les comportements de parentage et le risque environnemental, et afin d'explorer des prédictions de résilience en dernière classe d’école élémentaire à partir de groupes identifiés. Une LGCA a soutenu un modèle de trois classes, avec un Groupe Stable Incliné, un groupe Déclin, et un groupe de rattrapage. L’émotion négative de l'enfant, le parentage positif et négatif, et le risque environnemental ont prédit l'appartenance au groupe. Ces groupes de trajectoire dans la petite enfance ont prédit le fonctionnement de résilience de l'enfant en dernière classe d’école élémentaire. Nos résultats mettent en lumière l'importance de l'utilisation de modèles développementaux de la régulation de l’émotion et offrent des implications pour la prévention et les services d'intervention précoce.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Entwicklungsmuster der Emotionsregulation im Kleinkindalter: Untersuchung von Prädiktoren für Veränderung und langfristige Belastbarkeit
Emotionsregulation ist entscheidend für eine funktionierende Lebensgestaltung in vielen Bereichen, insbesondere für Personen, die einem hohen Risiko ausgesetzt sind. Es gibt viele Anhaltspunkte dafür gibt, dass die Kindheit im Allgemeinen eine Phase des Wachstums und der Entwicklung der Emotionsregulation ist. Trotzdem gibt es einen Bedarf an Studien, die Faktoren untersuchen, welche zu einer negativen Entwicklung der Emotionsregulation beitragen. In einer prospektiven Studie an 1.905 Kindern wurde eine Analyse des latenten Klassenwachstums (latent class growth analysis; LCGA) verwendet, um Verlaufsgruppengruppen hinsichtlich der Emotionsregulation im Kleinkindalter (Alter 14–36 Monate) zu identifizieren. Außerdem wurden anhand des kindlichen Temperaments, des Elternverhaltens und des Umweltrisikos Prädiktoren dieser Verlaufsgruppengruppen untersucht und später, in der 5. Klasse, mögliche Resilienzfaktoren innerhalb der identifizierten Gruppen exploriert. Die Ergebnisse der LGCA stützten ein Drei‐Klassen‐Modell mit einer „stabile Steigung“‐Gruppe, einer „Rückgang“‐Gruppe und einer „Aufholung“‐Gruppe. Negative Emotionalität des Kindes, positive und negative Elternkompetenz sowie Umweltrisiko waren Prädiktoren für die Gruppenzugehörigkeit. Die Verlaufsgruppen im Kleinkindalter waren prädiktiv für die Resilienz der Kinder in der 5. Klasse. Unsere Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Bedeutung der Verwendung von Entwicklungsmodellen zur Emotionsregulation und bieten Implikationen für Präventions‐ und Frühinterventionen.
抄録
幼児期における感情制御の発達的パターン:変化と長期のレジリエンスの予測因 子の研究
感情制御は、幅広い領域にわたっての最適な機能として必要不可欠であり、ハイ リスクな環境においては、個々の子どもにとってさらに重要になってくるものと 思われる。幼少時代は一般的に感情制御が成長し発達する時期であると科学的な 根拠が示唆している一方、この軌跡からの逸脱の一因となるであろう要因を調査 研究する必要がある。1905人の子どもに対する前向き研究において、幼児期の期 間にわたって(月齢:14‐36 ヶ月)感情制御の軌跡群の同定のために潜在クラス成 長分析(LCGA)を行い、子どもの気質、育児行動、環境リスクからその軌跡群の予 測因子を調査し、その同定群での小学5年時においてのレジリエンスの予測因子 を探究した。LGCAは、3つのクラスモデル−安定傾斜群、減退群、追い上げ群− を支持した。 子どもの否定的な情動性、肯定と否定の育児と、環境リスクが、 所属する群を予測した。これらの幼児期の軌跡群が、小学5年時における子ども のレジリエンス機能の予測となった。我々の結果は、感情制御の発達的モデルを 活用することの重要性を強調し、予防及び早期介入サービスのための有用な情報 を提供する。
摘要
在诸多领域, 情绪调节对实现最佳状态至关重要, 对于高危环境中的个体可能更为重要。虽然有证据表明, 儿童期通常是情绪调节生长发育的时期, 但需要研究可能导致偏离这一轨迹的因素。在一项针对1905名儿童的前瞻性研究中, 我们使用潜类别增长分析 (LCGA) 对幼儿时期 (14 ‐ 36月龄) 的情绪调节轨迹组进行分类, 从儿童气质、育儿行为和环境风险中检查这些轨迹组的预测因子, 并从已分类的组中探索儿童五年级时的复原力预测因素。LGCA支持一个三级模型, 包括“稳定上升”组、“下降”组和“追赶”组。儿童消极情绪、父母积极和消极的育儿以及环境风险都预测了小组成员的身份。这些幼儿时期的轨迹组可预测儿童五年级时的复原功能。我们的发现强调了运用情绪调节发展模型的重要性, 并为预防和早期干预服务提供了启示。
ملخص
أنماط نمو تنظيم العاطفة في مرحلة الطفولة: دراسة مؤشرات التغيير والاحتمال على المدى الطويل
تنظيم العاطفة أمر بالغ الأهمية للأداء الأمثل في مجموعة متنوعة من المجالات، وربما يكون أكثر أهمية للأفراد في بيئات عالية المخاطرة. وفي حين تشير الأدلة إلى أن الطفولة هي عموما فترة نمو وتطور لتنظيم العاطفة، فإن البحث ضروري لدراسة العوامل التي قد تسهم في الانحرافات عن هذا المسار. في دراسة استطلاعية لـ 1905 طفل ، تم استخدام تحليل نمو الطبقة الكامنة(LCGA) لتحديد مجموعات مسارات تنظيم العاطفة عند الأطفال الصغار (العمر 14–36 شهرًا) ، ودراسة العوامل التي تتنبأ بمجموعات المسارات لمزاج الطفل ، وسلوكيات الأبوة والأمومة ، والمخاطر البيئية ، واستكشاف تنبؤات المرونة وقوة التحمل في الصف الخامس من المجموعات المحددة. وكشف تحليل LGCA نموذجًا من ثلاث فئات ، مع مجموعةIncline ‐Stable ، ومجموعة Decline ، ومجموعة‐Catch pUتنبأت الانفعالية السلبية للطفل، والأبوة الإيجابية والسلبية، والمخاطر البيئية بعضوية المجموعة. وكانت مجموعات المسارات هذه في مرحلة الطفولة عوامل مؤشرة بالأداء المرن للأطفال في الصف الخامس. وتبرز النتائج التي توصلنا إليها أهمية استخدام نماذج نمو تنظيم المشاعر وتقدم تطبيقات عملية لخدمات الوقاية والتدخل المبكر.
Laser welding of a Ni-rich NiTi-20Zr (at.%) high temperature shape memory alloy was performed. The starting base material was aged for 3 h at 550 °C followed by air cooling prior to welding to induce ...H-phase precipitation. Advanced microstructure characterization encompassing scanning and transmission electron microscopy, coupled with synchrotron X-ray diffraction, were used. Defect-free welds were obtained with a conduction welding mode. The weld thermal cycle altered the microstructure across the heat affected and fusion zones of the joints. The heat affected zone exhibited partial H-phase dissolution, causing a decrease in hardness. In the fusion zone, the H-phase fully dissolved, and the non-equilibrium rapid solidification conditions prevented the H-phase from re-precipitating during cooling, leading to a microstructure resembling that of an as-cast alloy with the same material composition. Mechanical testing revealed that the laser welded samples sustained stresses in the order of 500 MPa and exhibited stress-strain responses comparable to those of the unwelded base material. Thus, this initial study shows new possibilities for using advanced laser joining methods in these alloys.
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•Laser welding of an H-phase strengthened NiTi-20Zr high-temperature shape memory alloy was successfully performed.•The aged NiTi-20Zr experienced partial H-phase dissolution in the heat-affected zone.•The welded joints sustain stresses typically used in actuator applications (up to 500 MPa).
High temperature shape memory alloys are currently attracting significant attention by the aerospace industry due to the potential use of shape memory and superelastic properties at temperatures ...above 100 °C. Virtually any advanced engineering material must, at some point, be joined either to itself, to create complex shaped structures, or to other materials to increase its potential applications. In this work, laser welding of a precipitation strengthened Ni-rich NiTiHf high temperature shape memory alloy is reported for the first time. Starting with a base material aged at 500 °C for 3 h and air cooled, defect-free joints with a conduction weld mode were obtained. Microstructural characterization, facilitated via microscopy and synchrotron X-ray diffraction, revealed that the fusion zone contained a single-phase martensitic structure at room temperature, compared to a mixture of martensite and H-phase precipitates in the base material. Isothermal loading in both the martensite (at 30 °C) and austenite (at 200 °C) phases revealed equivalent strength and near-perfect superelasticity in the welded and un-welded reference material.
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•First report on welding of NiTiHf high temperature shape memory alloys•Synchrotron X-ray diffraction was used for microstructural mapping.•The welded joint exhibited shape memory effect and superelasticity comparable to the base material.
Urbanization is a common development trend of countries all over the world, which is a mark of civilization and progress of human beings. The number of urbanization-induced environmental geological ...hazards has grown steadily in recent years and is receiving increased attention throughout the world. The purpose of this paper is to generalize China’s urbanization process and induced environmental geological hazards. Driving forces and characteristics of urbanization are briefly introduced in this study; specifically, the distribution of urban agglomerations is principally related to water resources, transportation and energy. Common geological hazards and particular ones in mountain city, mining city and coastal city are also summarized. The type and severity of hazards are different due to the differences of natural conditions and various urban functions. Main environmental geological hazards in cities are land subsidence, landslide and seawater intrusion, etc. Accordingly, reasons for these urbanization-induced geological hazards in different type of cities are analyzed and discussed. The research results may provide a clear perspective for urban geological hazard prevention, and suggestions for urban geological hazard control are pointed out.
Topological structures based on controllable ferroelectric or ferromagnetic domain configurations offer the opportunity to develop microelectronic devices such as high-density memories. Despite the ...increasing experimental and theoretical insights into various domain structures (such as polar spirals, polar wave, polar vortex) over the past decade, manipulating the topological transformations of polar structures and comprehensively understanding its underlying mechanism remains lacking. By conducting an in-situ non-contact bias technique, here we systematically investigate the real-time topological transformations of polar structures in PbTiO
/SrTiO
multilayers at an atomic level. The procedure of vortex pair splitting and the transformation from polar vortex to polar wave and out-of-plane polarization are observed step by step. Furthermore, the redistribution of charge in various topological structures has been demonstrated under an external bias. This provides new insights for the symbiosis of polar and charge and offers an opportunity for a new generation of microelectronic devices.
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