Climate change and urbanization are converging to challenge city drainage infrastructure due to their adverse impacts on precipitation extremes and the environment of urban areas. Sustainable ...drainage systems have gained growing public interest in recent years, as a result of its positive effects on water quality and quantity issues and additional recreational amenities perceived in the urban landscape. This paper reviews recent progress in sustainable drainage development based on literature across different disciplinary fields. After presenting the key elements and criteria of sustainable drainage design, various devices and examples of sustainable drainage systems are introduced. The state-of-the-art model approaches and decision-aid tools for assessing the sustainable alternatives are discussed and compared. The paper further explores some limitations and difficulties in the application of the innovative solutions and suggests an integrated and trans-disciplinary approach for sustainable drainage design.
Understanding the drivers behind urban floods is critical for reducing its devastating impacts to human and society. This study investigates the impacts of recent urban development on hydrological ...runoff and urban flood volumes in a major city located in northern China, and compares the urbanization impacts with the effects induced by climate change under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 2.6 and 8.5). We then quantify the role of urban drainage system in mitigating flood volumes to inform future adaptation strategies. A geo-spatial database on landuse types, surface imperviousness and drainage systems is developed and used as inputs into the SWMM urban drainage model to estimate the flood volumes and related risks under various urbanization and climate change scenarios. It is found that urbanization has led to an increase in annual surface runoff by 208 to 413%, but the changes in urban flood volumes can vary greatly depending on performance of drainage system along the development. Specifically, changes caused by urbanization in expected annual flood volumes are within a range of 194 to 942%, which are much higher than the effects induced by climate change under the RCP 2.6 scenario (64 to 200%). Through comparing the impacts of urbanization and climate change on urban runoff and flood volumes, this study highlights the importance for re-assessment of current and future urban drainage in coping with the changing urban floods induced by local and large-scale changes.
The study is set in a major city located in Northern China with a focus on comparing the impacts of recent urbanization and future climate change on urban runoff and flood volumes, in particular taking into account the role of urban drainage. Display omitted
•Investigate changes in landuse and drainage systems to assess urbanization impacts•Projections of climate change based on 5 bias-corrected GCMs under RCP 2.6 and 8.5•Evaluate hydrological runoff and total flood volume using SWMM drainage modeling•Compare effects of climate change and urbanization on urban flood volume and risk•Assess the role of urban drainage in mitigating urban flood volume
Understanding historical changes in flood damage and the underlying mechanisms is critical for predicting future changes for better adaptations. In this study, a detailed assessment of flood damage ...for 1950-1999 is conducted at the state level in the conterminous United States (CONUS). Geospatial datasets on possible influencing factors are then developed by synthesizing natural hazards, population, wealth, cropland and urban area to explore the relations with flood damage. A considerable increase in flood damage in CONUS is recorded for the study period which is well correlated with hazards. Comparably, runoff indexed hazards simulated by the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model can explain a larger portion of flood damage variations than precipitation in 84% of the states. Cropland is identified as an important factor contributing to increased flood damage in central US while urbanland exhibits positive and negative relations with total flood damage and damage per unit wealth in 20 and 16 states, respectively. Overall, flood damage in 34 out of 48 investigated states can be predicted at the 90% confidence level. In extreme cases, ~76% of flood damage variations can be explained in some states, highlighting the potential of future flood damage prediction based on climate change and socioeconomic scenarios.
Traffic flow forecasting is a critical input to intelligent transportation systems. Accurate traffic flow forecasting can provide an effective reference for implementing traffic management ...strategies, developing travel route planning, and public transportation risk assessment. Recent deep learning approaches of spatiotemporal neural networks to predict traffic flow show promise, but could be difficult to separately model the spatiotemporal aggregation in traffic data and intrinsic correlation or redundancy of spatiotemporal features extracted by the filter of the convolutional network. This can introduce biases in the predictions that interfere with subsequent planning decisions in transportation. To solve the mentioned problem, the filter attention-based spatiotemporal neural network (FASTNN) was proposed in this paper. First, the model used 3-dimensional convolutional neural networks to extract universal spatiotemporal dependencies from three types of historical traffic flow, the residual units were employed to prevent network degradation. Then, the filter spatial attention module was constructed to quantify the spatiotemporal aggregation of the features, thus enabling dynamic adjustment of the spatial weights. To model the intrinsic correlation and redundancy of features, this paper also constructed a lightweight module, named matrix factorization based resample module, which automatically learned the intrinsic correlation of the same features to enhance the concentration of the model on information-rich features, and used matrix factorization to reduce the redundant information between different features. The FASTNN has experimented on two large-scale real datasets (TaxiBJ and BikeNYC), and the experimental results show that the FASTNN has better prediction performance than various baselines and variant models.
Prostate cancer is a hormone-dependent malignancy, whose onset and progression are closely related to the activity of the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway. Due to this critical role of AR ...signaling in driving prostate cancer, therapy targeting the AR pathway has been the mainstay strategy for metastatic prostate cancer treatment. The utility of these agents has expanded with the emergence of second-generation AR antagonists, which began with the approval of enzalutamide in 2012 by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Together with apalutamide and darolutamide, which were approved in 2018 and 2019, respectively, these agents have improved the survival of patients with prostate cancer, with applications for both androgen-dependent and castration-resistant disease. While patients receiving these drugs receive a benefit in the form of prolonged survival, they are not cured and ultimately progress to lethal neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). Here we summarize the current state of AR antagonist development and highlight the emerging challenges of their clinical application and the potential resistance mechanisms, which might be addressed by combination therapies or the development of novel AR-targeted therapies.
The purpose of this research was to explore the fresh keeping effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) with different gas ratios combined with gelatin active coatings containing eugenol on ...Chinese sea bass stored at −0.9 °C for 36 days. The results showed that MAP3 (60% CO2/10% O2/30% N2), together with gelatin active coatings containing eugenol, could prevent water loss, which maintained high field NMR, MRI, and organoleptic evaluation results. This hurdle technology could also effectively delay the bacterial reproduction, protein degradation, and alkaline accumulation, so it showed the lowest K value, total volatile basic nitrogen, free amino acids, total viable count, Pseudomonas spp., and H2S-producing bacteria, which better maintain the quality of sea bass.
The objective of this research was to explore the antimicrobial activity and mechanism of carvacrol against
,
,
and
and evaluate the effect of the addition of carvacrol/β-cyclodextrin emulsions to ...flaxseed gum (FSG)-sodium alginate (SA) edible films on the preservation of Chinese sea bass (
) fillets during refrigerated storage. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of carvacrol against
,
,
and
were 0.5, 0.5, 0.125, and 0.5 mg/mL, respectively. Alkaline phosphatase activity assay, nucleotide and protein leakage, and scanning electron microscope demonstrated that carvacrol damaged the external structure of the tested bacterial cells causing leakage of cytoplasmic components. At the same time, when FSG-SA films containing carvacrol used as coating agents for Chinese sea bass fillets cold storage, FSG-SA films containing 1.0 or 2.0 mg/mL carvacrol could significantly reduce TVB-N content, K-value, the degree of microbial deterioration and maintain quality of sea bass fillets according to organoleptic evaluation results.
•DE_RNAs.•PPAR-fatty acids metabolism.•Axon guidance.•Circadian entrainment.
Previous psoriasis studies have mostly focused on skin-related immunology, but the exact mechanisms remain elusive. ...Clinical evidence, such as higher morbidity among obese individuals and emotional factors, indicate that psoriasis is a complex systemic disease. High-throughput transcriptome analysis provides an effective method to comprehensively assess the disease.
The present study is aiming to understand transcriptome changes of clinical psoriasis skins and comprehensively assess the diseases using pathways analysis.
We performed transcriptome sequence of clinical psoriatic samples. Biological pathway analyses were conducted using differentially expressed RNAs, as well as identified competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs). qRT-PCR and histological immunofluorescence staining was conducted to verify the differentially expressed RNAs (DE_RNAs) and the three important enriched biological pathways.
Numerous DE_RNAs were identified between psoriasis patients and healthy people. Functional analysis indicated PPAR-fatty acids metabolism pathways, neural-hormone regulations, circadian entrainment were the three mostly appeared pathways. For PPAR-fatty acids metabolism pathways, the expression of seven randomly selected genes, including ACSBG1, ACOT2), CYP27A1, ELOVL3, FABP7, FADS2 and PPARG were all significantly decreased in psoriasis lesions. For neural-hormone regulation pathways, the expression of CFL1, EPHA2, HRAS were all significantly upregulated in psoriasis lesions. While the expression of four randomly selected genes from circadian entrainment pathways, including CRY2, PER3, NR1D1 and RORC were all significantly downregulated. Histological immunofluorescence staining of FADS2, EPHA2 and CRY2 were consistent with their genes’ expressions.
Our results revealed transcriptome changes of psoriasis, and indicated three important pathways involved in psoriasis, including PPAR-fatty acids metabolism pathways, neural-hormone regulations, circadian entrainment.
This paper presents a cross-disciplinary framework for assessment of climate change adaptation to increased precipitation extremes considering pluvial flood risk as well as additional environmental ...services provided by some of the adaptation options. The ability of adaptation alternatives to cope with extreme rainfalls is evaluated using a quantitative flood risk approach based on urban inundation modeling and socio-economic analysis of corresponding costs and benefits. A hedonic valuation model is applied to capture the local economic gains or losses from more water bodies in green areas. The framework was applied to the northern part of the city of Aarhus, Denmark. We investigated four adaptation strategies that encompassed laissez-faire, larger sewer pipes, local infiltration units, and open drainage system in the urban green structure. We found that when taking into account environmental amenity effects, an integration of open drainage basins in urban recreational areas is likely the best adaptation strategy, followed by pipe enlargement and local infiltration strategies. All three were improvements compared to the fourth strategy of no measures taken.
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