To obtain a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) material with highly thermal stability and flame retardance properties, a novel P(AN‐co‐DMVP) copolymers were successfully synthesized by randomly ...copolymerization. According to thermogravimetry analysis, it revealed that incorporating dimethyl vinylphosphonate (DMVP) into the PAN chains can perform outstanding thermal stability. Furthermore, the limiting oxygen index increased from 18.6% to 30.0% with addition of 22.6 wt% DMVP. The results of cone calorimetry tests certified that the peak‐heat release peak and total heat release of P(AN‐co‐DMVP22.6) were remarkably dropped by 70% and 33%, respectively, suggesting excellent flame retardance. The relationship between copolymer structures and flame‐retardant performance was systematically investigated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis‐Fourier transform infrared and Pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A comprehensive flame‐retardant mechanism has been proposed that DMVP plays a role in both the gaseous phase and the condensed phase.
During combustion, some of the phosphorus‐containing compound were released in the gaseous phase. The rest of phosphorus groups could create sufficient nucleophilicity to attack the nitrile groups of polymers and hence promote the cyclization reaction in the condensed phase. Both of the condensed‐phase and gaseous‐phase effects played important roles in the flame‐retardant PAN copolymers.
To introduce the technique of anatomical retroperitoneoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection （ARRPLND） was performed in 12 consecutive patients with a clinical stage I nonseminomatous ...germ-cell tumor （NSGCT） between February 2008 and October 2010. All procedures were performed using a modified template nerve-sparing approach. The retroperitoneal space was adequately expanded using double gasbags. After the retroperitoneal fat was cleared, two relatively bloodless planes were entered consecutively to expose the lymph node and permit dissection. Dissection proceeded first in the plane between the anterior renal fascia and posterior peritoneum, and secondly in the avascular plane between the posterior renal fascia and transversalis fascia. The proximal spermatic vein was clipped at the initial stage. En bloc resection of the lymph tissue and fat between the anterior renal fascia and posterior renal fascia were performed. Three patients （25%） had pathologic stage IIA disease and received adjuvant chemotherapy. No recurrence was observed during follow-up ranging from 26 to 58months. The median operative time was 205min （range： 165-430min） and median estimated blood loss was 320ml （range： 100-1200ml）. There were two intraoperative complications （Clavien grade II） and one open conversion due to perforation of the peritoneum. Postoperative complications （Clavien I） developed in three patients. Normal antegrade ejaculation recovered by 1 month following the operation. Our preliminary results indicate that ARRPLND is technically feasible and associated with satisfactory clinical outcomes for clinical stage I NSGCT. Further studies are necessary to evaluate this technique.
Background Perivesical fat invasion is considered as an important prognostic factor for bladder cancer. However, the predictive role of perivesical fat invasion in invasive bladder cancer prognosis ...has never been reported in Chinese patients. The aim of the study was to assess the predictive value of perivesical fat invasion for prognoses of T2 and T3 bladder cancer in Chinese patients. Methods One hundred and fifty-one patients who underwent radical cystectomy for pT2-3NOM0 invasive bladder cancer from 2001 to 2007 were studied. Cancer-specific survival rate （CSS） and recurrence-free survival rate （RFS） were compared between the pT2 and pT3 patient groups. Other clinicopathological parameters were also retrospectively analyzed by univariate and multivariate analyses to identify the independent predictor for the prognoses of this cohort. Results Average patient age at surgery was 58 years. Ninety （60.3%） patients had grade I and II disease. During follow-up （median 66 months）, 27 patients （17.9%） had tumor recurrence and 18 （11.9%） died of bladder cancer. In the univariate analysis, the CSS and RFS curves between T2 and T3 patients showed no significant difference （P=-0.756 and 0.354, respectively）. Multivariate Cox regression showed that histological classification and grade were independent predictors for CSS, while grade was the sole independent predictor for RFS. Conclusions For this group of Chinese patients, perivesical fat invasion did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference in prognosis between T2 and T3 patients. Nontransitional cell carcinoma （non-TCC） and high-grade patients had short CSS, and patients with high-qrade tumor had higher recurrent risk.
BACKGROUNDProteomic signatures of Ming's infiltrative gastric cancer (IGC) remain unknown. AIMTo elucidate the molecular characteristics of IGC at the proteomics level. METHODSTwelve pairs of IGC and ...adjacent normal tissues were collected and their proteomes were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The identified peptides were sequenced de novo and matched against the SwissProt database using Maxquant software. The differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were screened using |log2(Fold change)| > 1 and P-adj < 0.01 as the thresholds. The expression levels of selected proteins were verified by Western blotting. The interaction network of the DEPs was constructed with the STRING database and visualized using Cytoscape with cytoHubba software. The DEPs were functionally annotated using clusterProfiler, STRING and DAVID for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTSA total of 7361 DEPs were identified, of which 94 were significantly up-regulated and 223 were significantly down-regulated in IGC relative to normal gastric tissues. The top 10 up-regulated proteins were MRTO4, BOP1, PES1, WDR12, BRIX1, NOP2, POLR1C, NOC2L, MYBBP1A and TSR1, and the top 10 down-regulated proteins were NDUFS8, NDUFS6, NDUFA8, NDUFA5, NDUFC2, NDUFB8, NDUFB5, NDUFB9, UQCRC2 and UQCRC1. The up-regulated proteins were enriched for 9 biological processes including DNA replication, ribosome biogenesis and initiation of DNA replication, and the cellular component MCM complex. Among the down-regulated proteins, 17 biological processes were enriched, including glucose metabolism, pyruvic acid metabolism and fatty acid β-oxidation. In addition, the mitochondrial inner membrane, mitochondrial matrix and mitochondrial proton transport ATP synthase complex were among the 6 enriched cellular components, and 11 molecular functions including reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase activity, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide binding were also enriched. The significant KEGG pathways for the up-regulated proteins were DNA replication, cell cycle and mismatch repair, whereas 18 pathways including oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid degradation and phenylalanine metabolism were significantly enriched among the down-regulated proteins. CONCLUSIONThe proteins involved in cell cycle regulation, DNA replication and mismatch repair, and metabolism were significantly altered in IGC, and the proteomic profile may enable the discovery of novel biomarkers.
•SL-01 is an oral derivative of gemcitabine.•SL-01 possessed activity against human breast cancer growth via apoptotic induction.•SL-01’s activity was more potently than that of gemcitabine.•SL-01 ...inhibited cancer growth without toxicity to mice.
SL-01 is an oral derivative of gemcitabine that was synthesized by introducing the moiety of 3-(dodecyloxycarbonyl) pyrazine-2-carbonyl at N4-position on cytidine ring of gemcitabine. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of SL-01 on human breast cancer growth. SL-01 significantly inhibited MCF-7 proliferation as estimated by colorimetric assay. Flow cytometry assay indicated the apoptotic induction and cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. SL-01 modulated the expressions of p-ATM, p53 and p21 and decrease of cyclin D1 in MCF-7 cells. Further experiments were performed in a MCF-7 xenografts mouse model. SL-01 by oral administration strongly inhibited MCF-7 xenografts growth. This effect of SL-01 might arise from its roles in the induction of apoptosis. Immunohistochemistry assay showed the increase of TUNEL staining cells. Western blotting indicated the modulation of apoptotic proteins in SL-01-treated xenografts. During the course of study, there was no evidence of toxicity to mice. In contrast, the decrease of neutrophil cells in peripheral and increase of AST and ALT levels in serum were observed in the gemcitabine-treated mice. Conclusion: SL-01 possessed similar activity against human breast cancer growth with gemcitabine, whereas, with lower toxicity to gemcitabine. SL-01 is a potent oral agent that may supplant the use of gemcitabine.
The development of gasoline-air mixture explosion in a long-narrow confined space is closely related to the chemical kinetics. Therefore, an experiment on ignition characteristics of gasoline was ...conducted, and the appropriate chemical kinetic mechanism was selected according to the ignition delay time for simplification. Meanwhile, the elementary reaction with greatest effect on explosion ignition delay time was determined. On this basis, using PLIF(Planner Laser Induced Fluorescence technology), an experiment on characteristics of explosive combustion flow field of gasoline-air mixture in a long-narrow confined space was conducted, and the combustion process of gas mixture in flame during the explosion propagation was analyzed. In addition, numerical simulation on gasoline-air mixture explosion in a long-narrow confined space was performed by coupling the simplified chemical reaction mechanism with CFD. The results indicate that the large hydrocarbon molecules in the outer flame zone are thermally decompose
The contribution of this work is the modification of a mathematical model for bursting Ca super(2+) oscillations by introducing the proportion of receptors not inactivated by Ca super(2+) as a new ...variable. Generation mechanisms of different oscillatory patterns in this modified model are investigated and classified, based on fast/slow dynamical analysis. It is shown that periodic oscillations appear around the original chaotic regions. Moreover, two new types of oscillatory phenomena are observed at the sustaining region. The results may be instructive for understanding the difference between direct observation of dynamical behavior in real cells and theoretical explanations under a variety of stimulus conditions.
The contribution of this work is the modification of a mathematical model for bursting Ca2+ oscillations by introducing the proportion of receptors not inactivated by Ca2+ as a new variable. ...Generation mechanisms of different oscillatory patterns in this modified model are investigated and classified, based on fast/slow dynamical analysis. It is shown that periodic oscillations appear around the original chaotic regions. Moreover, two new types of oscillatory phenomena are observed at the sustaining region. The results may be instructive for understanding the difference between direct observation of dynamical behavior in real cells and theoretical explanations under a variety of stimulus conditions.
The contribution of this work is the modification of a mathematical model for bursting Ca2＋ oscillations by introducing the proportion of receptors not inactivated by Ca2＋ as a new variable. ...Generation mechanisms of different oscillatory patterns in this modified model are investigated and classified, based on fast/slow dynamical analysis. It is shown that periodic oscillations appear around the original chaotic regions. Moreover, two new types of oscillatory phenomena are observed at the sustaining region. The results may be instructive for understanding the difference between direct observation of dynamical behavior in real cells and theoretical explanations under a variety of stimulus conditions.
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