This paper proposes a hybrid permanent-magnet memory motor. Using finite element method, the utility of AlNiCo and ferrite as low-coercive-force (LCF) magnets in the motor is comparatively analyzed. ...The results demonstrate that the positive magnetization of the ferrite magnets is difficult, while the field-variation range with the AlNiCo magnets is not sufficient, and the motor-power density and the positive magnetization characteristic of the LCF magnets cannot be improved simultaneously. On the other hand, the q-axis current may cause irreversible demagnetization in the LCF magnets, especially in the AlNiCo magnets. To solve the problems, an improved rotor topology with magnetic barriers is designed and considering that the demagnetization curve of ferrite magnets is mostly linear, ferrite magnets are used as the LCF magnets in the improved motor. Performance of the improved motor is analyzed and compared with that of the original configuration. Simulation results show that the positive magnetization characteristic of the ferrite magnets is significantly improved and the irreversible demagnetization in the ferrite magnets is avoided under load conditions. A prototype is fabricated and tested, verifying the analysis results.
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is an essential DNA virus sensor that triggers type I interferon (IFN) signaling by producing cGAMP to initiate antiviral immunity. However, post-translational ...regulation of cGAS remains largely unknown. We report that K48-linked ubiquitination of cGAS is a recognition signal for p62-depdendent selective autophagic degradation. The induction of TRIM14 by type I IFN accelerates cGAS stabilization by recruiting USP14 to cleave the ubiquitin chains of cGAS at lysine (K) 414. Knockout of TRIM14 impairs herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-triggered antiviral responses in a cGAS-dependent manner. Due to impaired type I IFN production, Trim14−/− mice are highly susceptible to lethal HSV-1 infection. Taken together, our findings reveal a positive feedback loop of cGAS signaling generated by TRIM14-USP14 and provide insights into the crosstalk between autophagy and type I IFN signaling in innate immunity.
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•TRIM14 deficiency remarkably impairs cGAS-mediated type I interferon signaling•The ubiquitination of cGAS is a signal for p62-mediated autophagic degradation•TRIM14 recruits USP14 to cleave K48-linked ubiquitination of cGAS at K414•TRIM14 stabilizes cGAS by disrupting cGAS-p62 interaction in the autophagosome
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is an essential DNA sensor in innate immunity. Chen et al. (2016) report that TRIM14 recruits USP14 to cleave the lysine 48 (K48)-linked ubiquitin chains of cGAS at K414, thereby inhibiting p62-mediated autophagic degradation of cGAS to enhance the activation of type I interferon signaling.
Natural enzymes are highly specific biocatalysts that can selectively catalyse specific biological reactions. However, the high preparation cost and easy deactivation of natural enzymes limit their ...practical applications. In the past ten years, nano-enzymes have been developed rapidly because of their excellent physical and chemical properties, low cost, high stability and easy storage, and can be used as a bridge to natural enzymes. These are a class of enzyme-like nanomaterials, which have some similarities with natural enzymes in terms of their total size, shape and surface charge. They themselves can simulate the bionic catalytic function of enzymes through the catalytic activity of inorganic materials. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives are expected to be substitutes for conventional enzymes in enzymatic reactions, and nano-enzymes have shown potential in the field of biomedicine, such as in antimicrobial drugs, biological detection and cancer treatment. In this review, the various types of MOF-derived nano-enzymes and the activities of corresponding simulated enzymes are summarized, and the latest applications of MOF-derived nano-enzymes in biosensing, as antibacterial compounds and in cancer treatment are mainly introduced. In addition, the development prospects of nano-enzymes is introduced in order to provide new ideas for the design and applications of nano-enzymes in the future.
In the present review, the types and activities of nanometer-sized enzymes are summarized, with recent progress of nanometer-sized enzymes in the field of biomedical detection.
Exosomes are cell-secreted nanoparticles (generally with a size of 30–150 nm) bearing numerous biological molecules including nucleic acids, proteins and lipids, which are thought to play important ...roles in intercellular communication. As carriers, exosomes hold promise as advanced platforms for targeted drug/gene delivery, owing to their unique properties, such as innate stability, low immunogenicity and excellent tissue/cell penetration capacity. However, their practical applications can be limited due to insufficient targeting ability or low efficacy in some cases. In order to overcome these existing challenges, various approaches have been applied to engineer cell-derived exosomes for a higher selectivity and effectiveness. This review presents the state-of-the-art designs and applications of advanced exosome-based systems for targeted cargo delivery. By discussing experts’ opinions, we hope this review will inspire the researchers in this field to develop more practical exosomal delivery systems for clinical applications.
Optogenetics has been developed to control the activities and functions of cells with high spatiotemporal resolution, cell‐type specificity, and flexibility. However, current optogenetic tools ...generally rely on visible light (e.g., blue or yellow) with shallow tissue penetration ability that does require invasive fiber‐optic probes to deliver visible light into organs and animal tissues. This often results in a series of side effects, such as tissue damage and unwanted inflammation. Fortunately, the emerging wireless optogenetic tools that can respond to deep‐tissue‐penetrating near‐infrared (NIR) light have attracted increasing attention due to their much‐reduced damage to living organisms. There are mainly two types of NIR‐activatable optogenetic tools: one uses lanthanide‐doped upconversion nanoparticles to transduce NIR light to visible light to modulate classical opsin‐expressing neurons; the other type couples with an NIR absorber to convert NIR light to heat to activate thermosensitive proteins. These NIR‐activatable optogenetic tools enable low‐invasive “remote control” activation and inhibition of cellular signaling pathways. This approach has great potential to help create more innovative therapies for diseases like cancer, diabetes, and neuronal disorders in the near future. Therefore, this review article summarizes the recent advances on design strategies and synthetic methods of NIR‐activatable nanomaterials for wireless optogenetic applications.
This review summarizes recent advances in regard to design strategies and synthetic methods for near‐infrared (NIR)‐light activatable optogenetic tools, including lanthanide‐doped upconversion nanoparticles with NIR‐to‐visible ability, and NIR absorbers with photothermal effects. These NIR‐activatable tools enable “remote control” activation and the inhibition of cellular signaling pathways for deep‐tissue‐penetrating wireless optogenetics to occur.
Comprehensive studies have shown that DNA methylation plays vital roles in both loss of pluripotency and governance of the transcriptome during embryogenesis and subsequent developmental processes. ...Aberrant DNA methylation patterns have been widely observed in tumorigenesis, ageing and neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting the importance of a systematic understanding of DNA methylation and the dynamic changes of methylomes during disease onset and progression. Here we describe a facile and convenient approach for efficient targeted DNA methylation by fusing inactive Cas9 (dCas9) with an engineered prokaryotic DNA methyltransferase MQ1. Our study presents a rapid and efficient strategy to achieve locus-specific cytosine modifications in the genome without obvious impact on global methylation in 24 h. Finally, we demonstrate our tool can induce targeted CpG methylation in mice by zygote microinjection, thereby demonstrating its potential utility in early development.
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanosheets (e.g., MoS.sub.2) with metallic phase (1T or 1T´ phase) have been proven to exhibit superior performances in various ...applications as compared to their semiconducting 2H-phase counterparts. However, it remains unclear how the crystal phase of 2D TMD nanosheets affects their sonodynamic property. In this work, we report the preparation of MoS.sub.2 nanosheets with different phases (metallic 1T/1T´ or semiconducting 2H) and exploration of its crystal-phase effect on photothermal-enhanced sonodynamic antibacterial therapy. Interestingly, the defective 2D MoS.sub.2 nanosheets with high-percentage metallic 1T/1T´ phase (denoted as M-MoS.sub.2) present much higher activity towards the ultrasound-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as compared to the semiconducting 2H-phase MoS.sub.2 nanosheets. More interestingly, owing to its metallic phase-enabled strong absorption in the near-infrared-II (NIR-II) regime, the ultrasound-induced ROS generation performance of the M-MoS.sub.2 nanosheets can be further enhanced by the photothermal effect under a 1064 nm laser irradiation. Thus, after modifying with polyvinylpyrrolidone, the M-MoS.sub.2 nanosheets can be used as an efficient sonosensitizer for photothermal-enhanced sonodynamic bacterial elimination under ultrasound treatment combining with NIR-II laser irradiation. This study demonstrates that metallic MoS.sub.2 nanosheets can be used as a promising sonosensitizer for antibacterial therapy, which might be also promising for cancer therapies.
The worldwide, extraordinary outbreak of coronavirus pandemic (i.e., COVID-19) and other emerging viral expansions have drawn particular interest to the design and development of novel antiviral, and ...viricidal, agents, with a broad-spectrum of antiviral activity. The current indispensable challenge lies in the development of universal virus repudiation systems that are reusable, and capable of inactivating pathogens, thus reducing risk of infection and transmission. In this review, science-based methods, mechanisms, and procedures, which are implemented in obtaining resultant antiviral coated substrates, used in the destruction of the strains of the different viruses, are reviewed. The constituent antiviral members are classified into a few broad groups, such as polymeric materials, metal ions/metal oxides, and functional nanomaterials, based on the type of materials used at the virus contamination sites. The action mode against enveloped viruses was depicted to vindicate the antiviral mechanism. We also disclose hypothesized strategies for development of a universal and reusable virus deactivation system against the emerging COVID-19. In the surge of the current, alarming scenario of SARS-CoV-2 infections, there is a great necessity for developing highly-innovative antiviral agents to work against the viruses. We hypothesize that some of the antiviral coatings discussed here could exert an inhibitive effect on COVID-19, indicated by the results that the coatings succeeded in obtaining against other enveloped viruses. Consequently, the coatings need to be tested and authenticated, to fabricate a wide range of coated antiviral products such as masks, gowns, surgical drapes, textiles, high-touch surfaces, and other personal protective equipment, aimed at extrication from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Technology innovation has become an important driving force of economic and social development and has received wide attention from academics. Most scholars mainly take technology innovation as an ...overall variable to explore its impact on the economy and society. The main contribution of this study is to open the black box of technology innovation and introduce the lotka-Volterra model to explore the internal structure of technology innovation in the Chinese high-tech industry and to analyze the ecological relationships, evolutionary trends, equilibrium states of six technology innovation species including independent innovation (II), technology import (TI), research & development (RD), technology renovation (TR), foreign technology acquisition (FTA), and domestic technology purchase (DTP). The results of the study show that, First, the ecological relationship between prey and predator is observed between RD and TR, DTP and FTA, and II and TI. Second, no equilibrium state is observed between TD and TF and II and TI. Third, an unstable equilibrium state is observed between RD and TR.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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