Following the reviews of atomic-weight determinations and other cognate data in 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2021, the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) Commission on Isotopic ...Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW) reports changes of standard atomic weights. The symbol
°(E) was selected for standard atomic weight of an element to distinguish it from the atomic weight of an element E in a specific substance P, designated
(E, P). The CIAAW has changed the values of the standard atomic weights of five elements based on recent determinations of terrestrial isotopic abundances:
The standard atomic weight of argon and lead have changed to an interval to reflect that the natural variation in isotopic composition exceeds the measurement uncertainty of
(Ar) and
(Pb) in a specific substance. The standard atomic weights and/or the uncertainties of fourteen elements have been changed based on the Atomic Mass Evaluations 2016 and 2020 accomplished under the auspices of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP).
° of Ho, Tb, Tm and Y were changed in 2017 and again updated in 2021:
Federated learning (FL) becomes popular and has shown great potentials in training large-scale machine learning (ML) models without exposing the owners' raw data. In FL, the data owners can train ML ...models based on their local data and only send the model updates rather than raw data to the model owner for aggregation. To improve learning performance in terms of model accuracy and training completion time, it is essential to recruit sufficient participants. Meanwhile, the data owners are rational and may be unwilling to participate in the collaborative learning process due to the resource consumption. To address the issues, there have been various works recently proposed to motivate the data owners to contribute their resources. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review for the economic and game theoretic approaches proposed in the literature to design various schemes for incentivizing data owners to participate in FL training process. In particular, we first present the fundamentals and background of FL, economic theories commonly used in incentive mechanism design. Then, we review applications of game theory and economic approaches applied for incentive mechanisms design of FL. Finally, we highlight some open issues and future research directions concerning incentive mechanism design of FL.
The efficiency of accurate determination of the lithium (Li) isotopic ratio by MC-ICP-MS is limited by current chemical purification procedures and instrument settings. The elution curve drifts ...significantly for matrices with a high matrix (
e.g.
, Ca), and must therefore be checked frequently. The mass bias behavior of Li in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) is unclear, which restricts the analysis of Li isotope compositions at low signal intensities. A novel method to purify Li and analyze the Li isotopic ratio is robust for a large variety of samples, where the efficient capacity of the resin is improved. The time required for purification and the volume of acid are significantly decreased, and cation-exchange resins can be easily and rapidly cleaned for re-use. Shift of the Li elution peaks is diminished. The mass bias behavior of Li isotopes in the ICP is revealed through high-resolution imaging of Li intensity and isotopic ratio, and the most stable zone is identified. The method has been validated by analysis of standard geological reference materials over 1.5 years. We report the Li isotope composition of a dolomite standard GSR-12 (δ
7
Li = 13.55 ± 0.37‰, 2
σ
). The long-term external precision of this method is better than ±0.47‰ (2
σ
) for δ
7
Li, and is suitable for analysis of geological samples. The new method is faster, but also precise and accurate.
Lithium isotopes of high-matrix and low-Li samples could be analyzed rapidly and precisely.
The biennial review of atomic-weight determinations and other cognate data has
resulted in changes for the standard atomic weights of five elements. The atomic
weight of bromine has changed from ...79.904(1) to the interval 79.901, 79.907,
germanium from 72.63(1) to 72.630(8), indium from 114.818(3) to 114.818(1),
magnesium from 24.3050(6) to the interval 24.304, 24.307, and mercury from
200.59(2) to 200.592(3). For bromine and magnesium, assignment of intervals for
the new standard atomic weights reflects the common occurrence of variations in
the atomic weights of those elements in normal terrestrial materials.
Future Internet involves several emerging technologies such as 5G and beyond 5G networks, vehicular networks, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks, and Internet of Things (IoTs). Moreover, the ...future Internet becomes heterogeneous and decentralized with a large number of involved network entities. Each entity may need to make its local decision to improve the network performance under dynamic and uncertain network environments. Standard learning algorithms such as single-agent Reinforcement Learning (RL) or Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) have been recently used to enable each network entity as an agent to learn an optimal decision-making policy adaptively through interacting with the unknown environments. However, such an algorithm fails to model the cooperations or competitions among network entities, and simply treats other entities as a part of the environment that may result in the non-stationarity issue. Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) allows each network entity to learn its optimal policy by observing not only the environments but also other entities' policies. As a result, MARL can significantly improve the learning efficiency of the network entities, and it has been recently used to solve various issues in the emerging networks. In this paper, we thus review the applications of MARL in emerging networks. In particular, we provide a tutorial of MARL and a comprehensive survey of applications of MARL in next-generation Internet. In particular, we first introduce single-agent RL and MARL. Then, we review a number of applications of MARL to solve emerging issues in the future Internet. The issues consist of network access, transmit power control, computation offloading, content caching, packet routing, trajectory design for UAV-aided networks, and network security issues. Finally, we discuss the challenges, open issues, and future directions related to the applications of MARL in the future Internet.
Extensive research has been pursued to develop low-cost and high-performance functional inorganic–organic hybrid materials for clean/renewable energy related applications. While great progress has ...been made in the recent years, some key challenges remain to be tackled. One major issue is the generally poor stability of these materials, which originates from relatively fragile/weak bonds between inorganic and organic constituents. Herein, we report a unique “all-in-one” (AIO) approach in constructing robust structures with desired properties. Such approach allows formation of both ionic and coordinate bonds within a molecular cluster, which greatly enhances structural stability while maintaining the molecular identity of the cluster and its high luminescence. The novel AIO structures are composed of various anionic (Cu m I m+n ) n− clusters and cationic N-ligands. They exhibit high luminescence efficiency, significantly improved chemical, thermal and moisture stability, and excellent solution processability. Both temperature dependent photoluminescence experiments and DFT calculations are performed to investigate the luminescence origin and emission mechanism of these materials, and their suitability as energy-saving LED lighting phosphors is assessed. This study offers a new material designing strategy that may be generalized to many other material classes.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of vitamin D treatment on muscle strength and mobility in older women with vitamin D insufficiency.
DESIGN: One‐year population‐based, double‐blind, randomized, ...controlled trial.
SETTING: Perth, Australia (latitude 32°S).
PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred two community‐dwelling ambulant elderly women aged 70 to 90 with a serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration less than 24 ng/mL.
INTERVENTION: Vitamin D2 1,000 IU/d or identical placebo; calcium citrate (1 g calcium/d) in both groups.
MEASUREMENTS: Lower limb muscle strength and mobility as assessed using the Timed Up and Go Test (TUAG).
RESULTS: At baseline, mean±standard deviation serum 25(OH)D was 17.7±4.2 ng/mL; this increased to 24.0±5.6 ng/mL in the vitamin D group after 1 year but remained the same in the placebo group. For hip extensor and adductor strength and TUAG, but not for other muscle groups, a significant interaction between treatment group and baseline values was noted. In those with baseline values in the lowest tertile, vitamin D improved muscle strength and TUAG more than calcium alone (mean (standard error): hip extensors 22.6% (9.5%); hip adductors 13.5% (6.7%), TUAG 17.5% (7.6%), P<.05). Baseline 25(OH)D levels did not influence patient response to supplementation.
CONCLUSION: Vitamin D therapy was observed to increase muscle function in those who were the weakest and slowest at baseline. Vitamin D should be given to people with insufficiency or deficiency to improve muscle strength and mobility.
Extraction of primary geochemical signals from bulk carbonate rocks is a key task in palaeoenvironmental studies. REE behaviour is investigated during stepwise dissolution of carbonate rocks. The ...experiment is designed to achieve total carbonate dissolution in ten steps, aiming for approximately 10% of the total carbonate to be dissolved in each step using acetic acid. An additional eleventh step using excess acid completed each experiment. Results show that calcite is preferentially dissolved before dolomite though no significant effect on the REE pattern of the rock is observed. Secondary carbonate phases and adsorbates are likely to be dissolved at the beginning of the dissolution process but this does not increase REE concentration though the REE pattern may be altered e.g. lessening of negative Ce anomaly, altering of Eu anomaly, Y/Ho ratio and relative fractionation between LREE and HREE. Non-carbonate minerals e.g. terrestrial particulate matter, Fe–Mn oxyhydroxides and phosphates, are likely to be dissolved towards the end of the total dissolution, especially in the final excess acid step. This should increase REE concentrations and alter REE distribution patterns greatly. In contrast, solutions from intermediate steps are less contaminated. Further, compared with using 10% v/v acetic acid, the solutions obtained using 5%v/v acid return more pristine REE information from the carbonate.
A proposed method for REE studies of bulk carbonate rocks requires an initial dissolution of 30%–40% followed by the sampling dissolution of 30%–40% of total carbonate using 5%v/v acetic acid to produce REE information considered to best represent that of the carbonate source water. Following these steps 20%–30% of the carbonate should remain undissolved, thus minimising contamination from non-carbonate minerals.
•Extraction of primary REE signals from bulk carbonate rocks is a key task in palaeoenvironmental studies.•A series of experiments have been performed to investigate the REE behaviours during dissolution of carbonate rocks.•Contaminative REE are mainly released at the anterior and posterior dissolution stages.•A refined dissolution method for REE studies of bulk carbonate rocks has been proposed.
Breast cancer (BC) is a serious worldwide disease that threatens women’s health. Particularly, the morbidity of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is higher than that of other BC types due to its ...high molecular heterogeneity, metastatic potential and poor prognosis. TNBC lacks of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), so there are still no effective treatment methods for TNBC. Here, we reviewed the classification of TNBC, its molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis, treatment methods and prognosis. Finding effective targets is critical for the treatment of TNBC. Also, refining the classification of TNBC is benefited to choose the treatment of TNBC, because the sensitivity of chemotherapy is different in different TNBC. Some new treatment methods have been proposed in recent years, such as nutritional therapy and noncoding RNA treatment methods. There are some disadvantages, such as the side effect on normal cells after nutrient deprivation, low specificity and instability of noncoding RNA. More studies are necessary to improve the treatment of TNBC.
Software defect prediction is an important software quality assurance technique. Nevertheless, the prediction performance of the constructed model is easily susceptible to irrelevant or redundant ...features in the software projects and is not predominant enough. To address these two issues, a novel defect prediction model called SSEPG based on Stacked Sparse Denoising AutoEncoders (SSDAE) and Extreme Learning Maching (ELM) optimised by Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) and another complementary Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) are proposed in this paper, which has two main merits: (1) employ a novel deep neural network – SSDAE to extract new combined features, which can effectively learn the robust deep semantic feature representation. (2) integrate strong exploitation capacity of PSO with strong exploration capability of GSA to optimise the input weights and hidden layer biases of ELM, and utilise the superior discriminability of the enhanced ELM to predict the defective modules. The SSDAE is compared with eleven state‐of‐the‐art feature extraction methods in effect and efficiency, and the SSEPG model is compared with multiple baseline models that contain five classic defect predictors and three variants across 24 software defect projects. The experimental results exhibit the superiority of the SSDAE and the SSEPG on six evaluation metrics.
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