A method for generation of S
VI
sulfones from β-sulfinyl esters (S
IV
) under transition-metal-free non-oxidative mild conditions is presented. Various sulfones have been achieved with moderate to ...excellent yields. The advantage of using β-sulfinyl esters as masked aryl sulfinates has also been exemplified using brominated substrates. Oxygen isotope-labeling experiments indicated that the oxygen atoms incorporated into the sulfone product come from the sulfoxide of the β-sulfinyl ester. Successive β-elimination/
O
-addition/sulfinate esterification/β-elimination processes are proposed for the mechanism of generating S
VI
from S
IV
.
A method for generation of S
VI
sulfones from β-sulfinyl esters (S
IV
) under transition-metal-free non-oxidative mild conditions is presented.
To determine whether epigenetic markers predict dimensional ratings of depression in maltreated children.
A genome-wide methylation study was completed using the Illumina 450K BeadChip array in 94 ...maltreated and 96 healthy nontraumatized children with saliva-derived DNA. The 450K BeadChip does not include any methylation sites in the exact location as sites in candidate genes previously examined in the literature, so a test for replication of prior research findings was not feasible.
Methylation in 3 genes emerged as genome-wide-significant predictors of depression: DNA-Binding Protein Inhibitor ID-3 (ID3); Glutamate Receptor, Ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) 1 (GRIN1); and Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP) (p < 5.0 × 10(-7), all analyses). These genes are all biologically relevant with ID3 involved in the stress response, GRIN1 involved in neural plasticity, and TPPP involved in neural circuitry development. Methylation in CpG sites in candidate genes were not predictors of depression at significance levels corrected for whole genome testing, but maltreated and control children did have significantly different β values after Bonferroni correction at multiple methylation sites in these candidate genes (e.g., BDNF, NR3C1, FKBP5).
This study suggests that epigenetic changes in ID3, GRIN1, and TPPP genes, in combination with experiences of maltreatment, may confer risk for depression in children. The study adds to a growing body of literature supporting a role for epigenetic mechanisms in the pathophysiology of stress-related psychiatric disorders. Although epigenetic changes are frequently long lasting, they are not necessarily permanent. Consequently, interventions to reverse the negative biological and behavioral sequelae associated with child maltreatment are briefly discussed.
Fungal species of Armillaria, which can act as plant pathogens and/or symbionts of the Chinese traditional medicinal herb Gastrodia elata ("Tianma"), are ecologically and economically important and ...have consequently attracted the attention of mycologists. However, their taxonomy has been highly dependent on morphological characterization and mating tests. In this study, we phylogenetically analyzed Chinese Armillaria samples using the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region, translation elongation factor-1 alpha gene and beta-tubulin gene. Our data revealed at least 15 phylogenetic lineages of Armillaria from China, of which seven were newly discovered and two were recorded from China for the first time. Fourteen Chinese biological species of Armillaria, which were previously defined based on mating tests, could be assigned to the 15 phylogenetic lineages identified herein. Seven of the 15 phylogenetic lineages were found to be disjunctively distributed in different continents of the Northern Hemisphere, while eight were revealed to be endemic to certain continents. In addition, we found that seven phylogenetic lineages of Armillaria were used for the cultivation of Tianma, only two of which had been recorded to be associated with Tianma previously. We also illustrated that G. elata f. glauca ("Brown Tianma") and G. elata f. elata ("Red Tianma"), two cultivars of Tianma grown in different regions of China, form symbiotic relationships with different phylogenetic lineages of Armillaria. These findings should aid the development of Tianma cultivation in China.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
SUMMARY True morels (Morchella spp., Morchellaceae, Ascomycota) are widely regarded as a highly prized delicacy and are of great economic and scientific value. Recently, the rapid development of ...cultivation technology and expansion of areas for artificial morel cultivation have propelled morel research into a hot topic. Many studies have been conducted in various aspects of morel biology, but despite this, cultivation sites still frequently report failure to fruit or only low production of fruiting bodies. Key problems include the gap between cultivation practices and basic knowledge of morel biology. In this review, in an effort to highlight the mating systems, evolution, and life cycle of morels, we summarize the current state of knowledge of morel sexual reproduction, the structure and evolution of mating-type genes, the sexual process itself, and the influence of mating-type genes on the asexual stages and conidium production. Understanding of these processes is critical for improving technology for the cultivation of morels and for scaling up their commercial production. Morel species may well be good candidates as model species for improving sexual development research in ascomycetes in the future.
Soil amendments, such as biochar, have been used to enhance the immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soil. A pot experiment was conducted to immobilize the available cadmium (Cd) and lead ...(Pb) in soil using peanut shell biochar (PBC) and wheat straw biochar (WBC), and to observe the accumulation of these heavy metals in rice (
Oryza sativa
L.). The application of PBC and WBC led to significantly higher pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) in paddy soil, while the content of MgCl
2
-extractable Cd and Pb was lower than that of untreated soil. MgCl
2
-extractable Cd and Pb showed significant negative correlations with pH, SOC, and CEC (
p
< 0.01). The application of 5% biochar to contaminated paddy soil led to reductions of 40.4–45.7 and 68.6–79.0%, respectively, in the content of MgCl
2
-extractable Cd and Pb. PBC more effectively immobilized Cd and Pb than WBC. Sequential chemical extractions revealed that biochar induced the transformation of the acid-soluble fraction of Cd to oxidizable and residual fractions, and the acid-soluble fraction of Pb to reducible and residual fractions. PBC and WBC clearly inhibited the uptake and accumulation of Cd and Pb in rice plants. Specially, when compared to the corresponding concentrations in rice grown in control soils, 5% PBC addition lowered Cd and Pb concentrations in grains by 22.9 and 12.2%, respectively, while WBC addition lowered them by 29.1 and 15.0%, respectively. Compared to Pb content, Cd content was reduced to a greater extent in grain by PBC and WBC. These results suggest that biochar application is effective for immobilizing Cd and Pb in contaminated paddy soil, and reduces their bioavailability in rice. Biochar could be used as a soil amendment for the remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals.
Rationally designed PIC nanoparticles as next‐generation delivery system: we have developed a core–shell–corona PIC nanoparticle ⊕NP/Pt@PPC‐DA as a next‐generation delivery system. ⊕NP/Pt@PPC‐DA ...exhibits prolonged circulation and enhanced drug accumulation in tumors. Subsequently, tumor pH leads to the release of ⊕NP/Pt, which facilitates cellular uptake followed by rapid intracellular cisplatin release. Using this delivery strategy cisplatin‐resistant tumor growth in a murine xenograft model has been successfully suppressed.
Objectives
Mice are widely used as an animal model for studying human uterine receptivity for embryo implantation. Although transcriptional changes related to mouse uterine receptivity have been ...determined by using bulk RNA‐seq, the data are of limited value because the uterus is a complex organ consisting of many cell types. Here, we aimed to decipher mouse uterine receptivity for embryo implantation at single‐cell resolution.
Materials and methods
Single‐cell RNA sequencing was performed for the pre‐receptive and the receptive mouse uterus. Gene expression profiles in luminal epithelium and glandular epithelium were validated by comparing against a published laser capture microdissection (LCM)‐coupled microarray dataset.
Results
We revealed 19 distinct cell clusters, including 3 stromal cell clusters, 2 epithelial cell clusters, 1 smooth muscle cell cluster, 4 endothelial cell clusters and 8 immune cell clusters. We identified global gene expression changes associated with uterine receptivity in each cell type. Additionally, we predicted signalling interactions for distinct cell types to understand the crosstalk between the blastocyst and the receptive uterus.
Conclusion
Our data provide a valuable resource for deciphering the molecular mechanism underlying uterine receptivity in mice.
In this study, by using the state‐of‐the‐art single‐cell RNA‐seq approach, we resolved all cell types of the pre‐receptive and the receptive mouse uterus at single‐cell resolution. Consequently, we were able to identify global gene expression changes associated with uterine receptivity in each cell type. Additionally, we predicted signaling interactions for distinct cell types to understand the crosstalk between the blastocyst and the receptive uterus. Our data provide a valuable resource for deciphering the molecular mechanism underlying uterine receptivity in mice.
Modulating effector immune cells via monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and facilitating the co-engagement of T cells and tumor cells via chimeric antigen receptor- T cells or bispecific T cell-engaging ...antibodies are two typical cancer immunotherapy approaches. We speculated that immobilizing two types of mAbs against effector cells and tumor cells on a single nanoparticle could integrate the functions of these two approaches, as the engineered formulation (immunomodulating nano-adaptor, imNA) could potentially associate with both cells and bridge them together like an 'adaptor' while maintaining the immunomodulatory properties of the parental mAbs. However, existing mAbs-immobilization strategies mainly rely on a chemical reaction, a process that is rough and difficult to control. Here, we build up a versatile antibody immobilization platform by conjugating anti-IgG (Fc specific) antibody (αFc) onto the nanoparticle surface (αFc-NP), and confirm that αFc-NP could conveniently and efficiently immobilize two types of mAbs through Fc-specific noncovalent interactions to form imNAs. Finally, we validate the superiority of imNAs over the mixture of parental mAbs in T cell-, natural killer cell- and macrophage-mediated antitumor immune responses in multiple murine tumor models.
Thiols, alkynyls and phosphines are the most widely used organic ligands to attain atomically precise metal nanoclusters, while oxometalates as inorganic ligands have almost been neglected in this ...field. Here, we used oxometalates (e.g., MoO42− and WO42−) as protecting ligands along with phosphines, such as 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (dppb), to design and synthesize a new class of silver nanoclusters including Ag28(dppb)6(MoO4)4, Ag28(dppb)6(WO4)4 and Ag32(dppb)12(MoO4)4(NO3)4. Each cluster consists of a two-shell Ag4@Ag24 core protected by 4 oxometalates. These clusters exhibit similar optical absorption and photoluminescence properties that are not dependent on surface ligands. Furthermore, the electronic structure analysis shows that the clusters are 20-electron “superatoms”. This work demonstrates that oxometalates can play a key role in the formation of silver nanoclusters, and the effect of oxometalates should be considered in the design and synthesis of metal nanoclusters.
Background:
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) mediate their paracrine effect, but their efficacy to protect the microcirculation of the kidney is ...unknown. Using a novel swine model of unilateral renovascular disease (RVD) complicated by metabolic syndrome (MetS), we tested the hypothesis that EVs would attenuate renal microvascular loss.
Methods:
Four groups of pigs (n = 7 each) were studied after 16 weeks of diet-induced MetS and RVD (MetS+RVD), MetS+RVD treated 4 weeks earlier with a single intra-renal delivery of EVs harvested from autologous adipose tissue-derived MSCs, and Lean and MetS Sham controls. Stenotic-kidney renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were measured in-vivo (fast CT), whereas EV characteristics, renal microvascular architecture (micro-CT), and injury pathways were studied ex-vivo.
Results:
mRNA sequencing and proteomic analysis revealed that EVs are packed with several pro-angiogenic genes and proteins, such as vascular endothelial growth factor. Labeled EVs were detected in the stenotic kidney 4 weeks after injection internalized by tubular and endothelial cells. EVs restored renal expression of angiogenic factors and improved cortical microvascular and peritubular capillary density. Renal apoptosis, oxidative stress, tubular injury, and fibrosis were also attenuated in EV-treated pigs. RBF and GFR decreased in MetS+RVD compared with MetS, but normalized in MetS+RVD+EVs.
Conclusions:
Intra-renal delivery of MSC-derived EVs bearing pro-angiogenic properties restored the renal microcirculation and in turn hemodynamics and function in chronic experimental MetS+RVD. Our study suggests a novel therapeutic potential for MSC-derived EVs in restoring renal hemodynamics in experimental MetS+RVD.
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