The objective of this study was to dry-wet distillers grains and centrifuged solubles and to examine the effect of two different drying media, superheated steam and hot air, at different drying ...temperatures (110, 130, and 160°C), moisture contents (5-30% wb), and percentages of solubles' presence (0 or 100%) on some thermophysical properties of laboratory-prepared corn/wheat dried distillers co-products, including geometric mean diameter (d
g
), particle density (ρ
p
), bulk density (ρ
b
), bulk porosity (ϵ
b
), specific heat (C), effective thermal diffusivity (α
eff
), and bulk thermal conductivity (λ
b
). The values of d
g
of corn/wheat dried distillers co-products ranged from 0.358 ± 0.001 to 0.449 ± 0.001 mm. Experimental values of ρ
p
, ρ
b
, and ϵ
b
varied from 1171 ± 6 to 1269 ± 3 kg m
−3
, from 359 ± 7 to 605 ± 5 kg m
−3
, and from 0.54 ± 0.01 to 0.71 ± 0.01 kg m
−3
, respectively. The values of α
eff
were between 0.58 × 10
−7
and 0.93 × 10
−7
m
2
s
−1
. The calculated values of C ranged from 1887 ± 11 to 2599 ± 19 J kg
−1
K
−1
, and the values of λ
b
of corn/wheat dried distillers co-products ranged from 0.06 ± 0.01 to 0.09 ± 0.01 W m
−1
K
−1
. Multiple linear regression prediction models were developed to predict the changes in d
g
, ρ
p
, ρ
b
, ϵ
b
, C, α
eff
, and λ
b
of laboratory-prepared corn/wheat dried distillers co-products with different operational factors.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
There is strong circumstantial evidence that certain heavy, unstable atomic nuclei are 'octupole deformed', that is, distorted into a pear shape. This contrasts with the more prevalent rugby-ball ...shape of nuclei with reflection-symmetric, quadrupole deformations. The elusive octupole deformed nuclei are of importance for nuclear structure theory, and also in searches for physics beyond the standard model; any measurable electric-dipole moment (a signature of the latter) is expected to be amplified in such nuclei. Here we determine electric octupole transition strengths (a direct measure of octupole correlations) for short-lived isotopes of radon and radium. Coulomb excitation experiments were performed using accelerated beams of heavy, radioactive ions. Our data on (220)Rn and (224)Ra show clear evidence for stronger octupole deformation in the latter. The results enable discrimination between differing theoretical approaches to octupole correlations, and help to constrain suitable candidates for experimental studies of atomic electric-dipole moments that might reveal extensions to the standard model.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This study investigated the feasibility of using an adsorption–fine-ultrafiltration system for removing organics from stabilized landfill leachate. For adsorption, Norit SX2 powdered activated carbon ...was used; the fine-ultrafiltration system was equipped with a ceramic membrane. Due to low organics removal efficiency in fine-ultrafiltration alone (series 1) (46.5% of chemical oxygen demand, 22.1% of dissolved organic carbon), two doses of activated carbon were used for adsorption before fine-ultrafiltration: 0.2 g/L (series 2) and 1 g/L (series 3). Although organics removal efficiency at both doses of Norit SX2 differed (12.9 and 34.5% of chemical oxygen demand, 12.2 and 54.7% of dissolved organic carbon, at 0.2 and 1 g/L, respectively), permeate quality did not differ substantially. Although the use of Norit SX2 improved permeate quality in comparison with fine-ultrafiltration alone (220 mg/L in series 2 and 209 mg/L in series 3 vs. 842 mg/L in series 1), its particles blocked the membrane and lowered the permeate flux even at the lower dose. In the series with adsorption, permeate flux was about 10 times lower than during fine-ultrafiltration alone. This indicates that, in fine-ultrafiltration preceded by adsorption on activated carbon, it is reasonable to use the lower dose of Norit SX2 because the efficiency of treatment is similar to that at the higher dose, but the reduction in permeate flux is somewhat less. These results indicate that the possibility of using adsorption–fine-ultrafiltration in the practice of leachate treatment is limited because of blocking membrane pores with particles of activated carbon.
Summary
The main remit of the European Society for Paediatric Anaesthesiology (ESPA) Pain Committee is to improve the quality of pain management in children. The ESPA Pain Management Ladder is a ...clinical practice advisory based upon expert consensus to help to ensure a basic standard of perioperative pain management for all children. Further steps are suggested to improve pain management once a basic standard has been achieved. The guidance is grouped by the type of surgical procedure and layered to suggest basic, intermediate, and advanced pain management methods. The committee members are aware that there are marked differences in financial and personal resources in different institutions and countries and also considerable variations in the availability of analgesic drugs across Europe. We recommend that the guidance should be used as a framework to guide best practice.
The long-term survival of relict populations depends on the accessibility of appropriate sites (microrefugia). In recent times, due to the mass extinction of rare species that has resulted from the ...loss of natural habitats, the question is - Are there any human-made sites that can act as refugial habitats? We examined forest roadside populations of the mountain plant Pulsatilla vernalis in the last large lowland refugium in Central Europe. We compared the habitat conditions and community structure of roadsides with P. vernalis against the forest interior. Light availability and bryophyte composition were the main factors that distinguished roadsides. Pulsatilla occurred on sites that had more light than the forest interior, but were also more or less shaded by trees, so more light came as one-side illumination from the road. Roadsides had also a lower coverage of bryophytes that formed large, dense carpets. At the same time, they were characterised by a greater richness of vascular plants and 'small' bryophytes, which corresponds to a higher frequency of disturbances. In a warming and more fertile Anthropocene world, competition plays the main role in the transformation of forest communities, which is why relict populations have found refugia in extensively disturbed human-made habitats.
► The multi-stage drying of green peas has been developed. ► The effect of multi-stage drying on the drying kinetics has been studied. ► The effect of drying methods on the moisture diffusivities of ...samples has been analyzed. ► Structural changes occurring during drying at micro and macrolevel have been discussed. ► Heat pump/microwave vacuum drying represents an alternative method for food processing.
The effect of multi-stage heat pump fluidized bed atmospheric freeze drying (HP FB AFD) and microwave vacuum drying (MVD) on the drying kinetics, moisture diffusivities, microstructure and physical parameters of green peas was evaluated. The results were compared with those obtained for microwave vacuum drying (MVD) and hot air convective drying (HACD). In case of combined method, the initial drying rate was about 0.04l/min. The application of MVD increased the drying rate to the values 0.08l/min. The drying rates of green peas dried by MVD and HACD were 0.59 and 0.20l/min, respectively. MVD samples were characterized by a structure with minimal changes in respect to fresh samples. However, HP FB AFD and MVD satisfied important requirements, such as high product quality (due to low material temperature during AFD and low pressure during MVD), and increased drying rates in the final stage due to application of microwave heating.
One of the most important elements during photogrammetric studies is the appropriate lighting of the object or area under investigation. Nevertheless, the concept of “adequate lighting” is relative. ...Therefore, we have attempted, based on experimental proof of concept (technology readiness level—TRL3), to verify the impact of various types of lighting emitted by LED light sources for scene illumination and their direct influence on the quality of the photogrammetric study of a 3D urban mock-up. An important issue in this study was the measurement and evaluation of the artificial light sources used, based on illuminance (E), correlated colour temperature (CCT), colour rendering index (CRI) and Spectral power distribution (SPD) and the evaluation of the obtained point clouds (seven photogrammetric products of the same object, developed for seven different lighting conditions). The general values of the quality of the photogrammetric studies were compared. Additionally, we determined seventeen features concerning the group of tie-points in the vicinity of each F-point and the type of study. The acquired traits were related to the number of tie-points in the vicinity, their luminosities and spectral characteristics for each of the colours (red, green, blue). The dependencies between the identified features and the obtained XYZ total error were verified, and the possibility of detecting F-points depending on their luminosity was also analysed. The obtained results can be important in the process of developing a photogrammetric method of urban lighting monitoring or in selecting additional lighting for objects that are the subject of a short-range photogrammetric study.
The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of pollutant removal in sequencing batch biofilm reactors (with floating or submerged carriers) when treating nitrogen- and organic-rich real ...leachate generated during aerobic stabilization of the biodegradable municipal solid waste. A control reactor contained suspended activated sludge. The share of leachate in synthetic wastewater was 10%, which resulted in ratios of chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand to total Kjeldahl nitrogen in the influent of ca. 11 and ca. 8.5, respectively. Regardless of whether the reactors contained carriers or not, the effectiveness of nitrification (84.2–84.3%) and of the removal of chemical oxygen demand (86.5–87.0%), biochemical oxygen demand (95.5–98.0%) and ammonium (88.9–89.3%) did not differ. However, the presence of carriers and their type determined in which phase of the cycle denitrification occurred. In the control reactor, denitrification took place during mixing phase with the effectiveness of ca. 43.2% (57.7% of the total nitrogen removal). During aeration, the oxygen content increased rapidly, thus reduced the possibility of simultaneous denitrification. In reactors with carriers, in the aeration phase, not only nitrification but also denitrification occurred. The increase in oxygen content in wastewater was slower, which could have caused dissolved oxygen gradients and anoxic zones in deeper layers of the biofilm and flocks. In the reactor with floating carriers, the effectiveness of denitrification and total nitrogen removal increased 1.23- and 1.10-times, respectively, as compared to the control reactor. The highest efficiencies (67.7% and 73.0%, respectively) were observed in the reactor with submerged carriers.
The unprecedented capabilities of state-of-the-art segmented germanium-detector arrays, such as AGATA and GRETA, derive from the possibility of performing pulse-shape analysis. The comparison of the ...net- and transient-charge signals with databases via grid-search methods allows the identification of the
γ
-ray interaction points within the segment volume. Their precise determination is crucial for the subsequent reconstruction of the
γ
-ray paths within the array via tracking algorithms, and hence the performance of the spectrometer. In this paper the position uncertainty of the deduced interaction point is investigated using the bootstrapping technique applied to
60
Co radioactive-source data. General features of the extracted position uncertainty are discussed as well as its dependence on various quantities, e.g. the deposited energy, the number of firing segments and the segment geometry.
In recent decades,
γ
-ray spectroscopy has undergone a major technological leap forward, namely the technique of
γ
-ray tracking, and has attained a sensitivity that is two orders of magnitude larger ...than that provided by the former generation of Compton-shielded arrays. Indeed the gain is comparable with the achievements since the dawn of
γ
-ray spectroscopy. Such sensitivity can be further heightened by coupling
γ
-ray spectrometers to other detectors that record complementary reaction products such as light-charged particles for transfer reactions and scattered ions for Coulomb excitation measurements. Nucleon transfer reactions offer an excellent mean to probe the energies of shell model single-particle orbitals and to study migration in energy of these orbitals as we venture away from stability. Such measurements can also estimate the cross sections of processes relevant to stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis. The measurement of
γ
rays in coincidence with particles provides also information on the decay channel for unbound systems, which constitutes a useful input for astrophysics and nuclear structure near the drip-lines. Coulomb-excitation studies make it possible to infer collective structure in nuclei and to extract deformation properties of, in particular, open-shell systems. Here, selected examples will be presented, highlighting the power of these types of experiments when
γ
-ray observation is included. The development of the experimental methods is reviewed, showing the results achieved before the advent of
γ
-ray tracking. Examples of more recent experiments that have successfully exploited
γ
-ray tracking with AGATA are then presented as showcases for the outstanding performance of the composite detection systems. The outlook for experiments using newly developed devices such as GRIT and other detectors such as SPIDER is described.
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