The identification of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) sources that are easily obtainable is of utmost importance. Several studies have shown that MSCs could be isolated from umbilical cord (UC) units. ...However, the presence of MSCs in umbilical cord blood (UCB) is controversial. A possible explanation for the low efficiency of MSCs from UCB is the use of different culture conditions by independent studies. Here, we compared the efficiency in obtaining MSCs from unrelated paired UCB and UC samples harvested from the same donors. Samples were processed simultaneously, under the same culture conditions. Although MSCs from blood were obtained from only 1 of the 10 samples, we were able to isolate large amounts of multipotent MSCs from all UC samples, which were able to originate different cell lineages. Since the routine procedure in UC banks has been to store the blood and discard other tissues, such as the cord and/or placenta, we believe our results are of immediate clinical value. Furthermore, the possibility of originating different cell lines from the UC of neonates born with genetic defects may provide new cellular research models for understanding human malformations and genetic disorders, as well as the possibility of testing the effects of different therapeutic drugs.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
The possibility of using stem cells for regenerative medicine has opened a new field of investigation. The search for sources to obtain multipotent stem cells from discarded tissues or through ...non-invasive procedures is of great interest. It has been shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) obtained from umbilical cords, dental pulp and adipose tissue, which are all biological discards, are able to differentiate into muscle, fat, bone and cartilage cell lineages. The aim of this study was to isolate, expand, characterize and assess the differentiation potential of MSCs from human fallopian tubes (hFTs).
Lineages of hFTs were expanded, had their karyotype analyzed, were characterized by flow cytometry and underwent in vitro adipogenic, chondrogenic, osteogenic, and myogenic differentiation.
Here we show for the first time that hFTs, which are discarded after some gynecological procedures, are a rich additional source of MSCs, which we designated as human tube MSCs (htMSCs).
Human tube MSCs can be easily isolated, expanded in vitro, present a mesenchymal profile and are able to differentiate into muscle, fat, cartilage and bone in vitro.
The golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) dogs represent the best available animal model for therapeutic trials aiming at the future treatment of human Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We have ...obtained a rare litter of six GRMD dogs (3 males and 3 females) born from an affected male and a carrier female which were submitted to a therapeutic trial with adult human stem cells to investigate their capacity to engraft into dogs muscles by local as compared to systemic injection without any immunosuppression.
Human Immature Dental Pulp Stem Cells (hIDPSC) were transplanted into 4 littermate dogs aged 28 to 40 days by either arterial or muscular injections. Two non-injected dogs were kept as controls. Clinical translation effects were analyzed since immune reactions by blood exams and physical scores capacity of each dog. Samples from biopsies were checked by immunohistochemistry (dystrophin markers) and FISH for human probes.
We analyzed the cells' ability in respect to migrate, engraftment, and myogenic potential, and the expression of human dystrophin in affected muscles. Additionally, the efficiency of single and consecutive early transplantation was compared. Chimeric muscle fibers were detected by immunofluorescence and fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) using human antibodies and X and Y DNA probes. No signs of immune rejection were observed and these results suggested that hIDPSC cell transplantation may be done without immunosuppression. We showed that hIDPSC presented significant engraftment in GRMD dog muscles, although human dystrophin expression was modest and limited to several muscle fibers. Better clinical condition was also observed in the dog, which received monthly arterial injections and is still clinically stable at 25 months of age.
Our data suggested that systemic multiple deliveries seemed more effective than local injections. These findings open important avenues for further researches.
Limb‐girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle caused by the absence of or defective muscular proteins. ...The murine model for limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy 2B (LGMD2B), the SJL mice, carries a deletion in the dysferlin gene that causes a reduction in the protein levels to 15% of normal. The mice show muscle weakness that begins at 4–6 weeks and is nearly complete by 8 months of age. The possibility of restoring the defective muscle protein and improving muscular performance by cell therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of LGMDs or other forms of progressive muscular dystrophies. Here we have injected human adipose stromal cells (hASCs) into the SJL mice, without immunosuppression, aiming to assess their ability to engraft into recipient dystrophic muscle after systemic delivery; form chimeric human/mouse muscle fibers; express human muscle proteins in the dystrophic host and improve muscular performance. We show for the first time that hASCs are not rejected after systemic injection even without immunosuppression, are able to fuse with the host muscle, express a significant amount of human muscle proteins, and improve motor ability of injected animals. These results may have important applications for future therapy in patients with different forms of muscular dystrophies.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
The main purpose of this study is to evaluate, in vitro, the cytotoxicity of different commercial brands of hyaluronic acids to be used as a vehicle for injection of human adipose-derived mesenchymal ...stem cells (AD-MSCs).
AD-MSCs were divided into seven groups: one control group where AD-MSCs were cultivated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and six other groups where AD-MSCs were cultivated with different commercial brands of hyaluronic acid. AD-MSC viability analysis was performed after 4, 24, and 48h in contact with each treatment, using the trypan staining method on a Countess automated cell counter (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
The results clearly demonstrated a significant difference in cell viability when AD-MSCs were exposed to different hyaluronic acids when compared with the control group.
These data suggest that hyaluronic acid can be used as a vehicle for injection of human AD-MSCs, but caution is needed to choose the best product, aiming at its future therapeutic application.
Avaliar in vitro, de forma direta, a citotoxicidade de ácidos hialurônicos como veículo de injeção para linhagens de células-tronco mesenquimais (CTMs) obtidas de tecido adiposo humano.
As CTMs foram divididas em sete grupos, os quais foram expostos ao ácido hialurônico de seis marcas comerciais, além do contato com tampão fosfato-salino PBS (grupo controle). Após quatro, 24 e 48 horas, foi feita a análise da viabilidade celular através do contador Countess pelo método de coloração com Trypan Blue (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
Os resultados demonstraram uma diferença significativa na viabilidade celular quando essas linhagens de CTMs foram expostas aos diferentes ácidos hialurônicos em comparação com o grupo controle.
Os dados sugerem que o ácido hialurônico pode ser usado como veículo de injeção para CTMs, porém é necessária cautela na escolha do melhor produto para aplicação terapêutica futura.
Abstract Of the various genetic homologues to Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), the Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy (GRMD) dog, which presents a variable but usually severe and progressive ...muscle weakness, has the closest relevance to DMD in both clinical severity and histopathological change. Among 77 GRMD dogs born in our colony in Brazil, we have identified a very mildly affected dog, Ringo, born July 2003. Among his descendants, at least one male, Suflair, is also showing a mild course. In an attempt to better characterize these two dogs, we studied the pattern of muscle proteins expression in Ringo and Suflair, as compared to severely affected and normal control dogs. Dystrophin was absent in both and utrophin was overexpressed in a pattern similar to the observed in severely affected dogs. Understanding the mechanism that is protecting Ringo and Suflair from the deleterious effect of the dystrophin gene mutation is of utmost interest. In addition it points out that the clinical impact of therapeutic trials should be interpreted with caution.
The dystrophin gene, located at Xp21, codifies dystrophin, which is part of a protein complex responsible for the membrane stability of muscle cells. Its absence on muscle causes Duchenne Muscular ...Dystrophy (DMD), a severe disorder, while a defect of muscle dystrophin causes Becker Muscular Dystrophy (DMB), a milder disease. The replacement of the defective muscle through stem cells transplantation is a possible future treatment for these patients. Our objective was to analyze the potential of CD34+ stem cells from umbilical cord blood to differentiate in muscle cells and express dystrophin, in vitro. Protein expression was analyzed by Immunofluorescence, Western Blotting (WB) and Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). CD34+ stem cells and myoblasts from a DMD affected patient started to fuse with muscle cells immediately after co-cultures establishment. Differentiation in mature myotubes was observed after 15 days and dystrophin-positive regions were detected through Immunofluorescence analysis. However, WB or RT-PCR analysis did not detect the presence of normal dystrophin in co-cultures of CD34+ and DMD or DMB affected patients' muscle cells. In contrast, some CD34+ stem cells differentiated in dystrophin producers' muscle cells, what was observed by WB, reinforcing that this progenitor cell has the potential to originate muscle dystrophin in vitro, and not just in vivo like reported before.
To evaluate in vitro the viability of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue (AD-MSCs) in different commercial solutions of hyaluronic acid (HA) before and after being sowed in collagen ...I/III membrane.
In the first stage, the interaction between AD-MSCs was analyzed with seven different commercial products of HA, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and bovine fetal serum (BFS), performed by counting living and dead cells after 24, 48 and 72 hours. Five products with a higher number of living cells were selected and the interaction between HA with AD-MSCs and type I/III collagen membrane was evaluated by counting living and dead cells in the same time interval (24, 48 and 72 hours).
In both situations analyzed (HA + AD-MSCs and HA + AD-MSCs + membrane), BFS presented the highest percentage of living cells after 24, 48 and 72 hours, a result higher than that of HA.
The association of HA with AD-MSCs, with or without membrane, showed no superiority in cell viability when compared with BFS.
Resumo
Objetivo
Avaliar in vitro a viabilidade das células-tronco mesenquimais derivadas do tecido adiposo (AD-CTMs) em diferentes soluções comerciais de ácido hialurônico (AH) antes e após serem ...semeadas em membrana de colágeno I/III.
Métodos
Na primeira etapa, analisou-se a interação entre AD-CTMs com sete diferentes produtos comerciais de AH, salina tamponada com fosfato (PBS, na sigla em inglês) e soro fetal bovino (SFB), realizada pela contagem das células vivas e mortas após 24, 48 e 72 horas. Foram selecionados cinco produtos com maior número de células vivas e avaliou-se a interação entre o AH com AD-CTMs e a membrana de colágeno tipo I/III pela contagem de células vivas e mortas no mesmo intervalo de tempo (24, 48 e 72 horas).
Resultados
Em ambas as situações analisadas (AH + AD-CTM e AH + AD-CTM + membrana), o SFB apresentou a maior porcentagem de células vivas após 24, 48 e 72 horas, resultado superior ao do AH.
Conclusão
A associação do AH com as AD-CTMs, com ou sem a membrana, não demonstrou superioridade na viabilidade celular quando comparado com SFB.
Abstract
Objective
To evaluate in vitro the viability of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue (AD-MSCs) in different commercial solutions of hyaluronic acid (HA) before and after being sowed in collagen I/III membrane.
Methods
In the first stage, the interaction between AD-MSCs was analyzed with seven different commercial products of HA, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and bovine fetal serum (BFS), performed by counting living and dead cells after 24, 48 and 72 hours. Five products with a higher number of living cells were selected and the interaction between HA with AD-MSCs and type I/III collagen membrane was evaluated by counting living and dead cells in the same time interval (24, 48 and 72 hours).
Results
In both situations analyzed (HA + AD-MSCs and HA + AD-MSCs + membrane), BFS presented the highest percentage of living cells after 24, 48 and 72 hours, a result higher than that of HA.
Conclusion
The association of HA with AD-MSCs, with or without membrane, showed no superiority in cell viability when compared with BFS.
The canine model provides a large animal system to evaluate many treatment modalities using stem cells (SCs). However, only bone marrow (BM) protocols have been widely used in dogs for preclinical ...approaches. BM donation consists of an invasive procedure and the number and differentiation potential of its mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) decline with age. More recently, umbilical cord was introduced as an alternative source to BM since it is obtained from a sample that is routinely discarded. Here, we describe the isolation of MSCs from canine umbilical cord vein (cUCV). These cells can be obtained from every cord received and grow successfully in culture. Their multipotent plasticity was demonstrated by their capacity to differentiate in adipocytic, chondrocytic, and osteocytic lineages. Furthermore, our results open possibilities to use cUCV cells in preclinical trials for many well-characterized canine model conditions homologs to human diseases.
PDF
