Abstract
The photon detection system of the first far detector (FD1-HD) of the DUNE experiment will
detect scintillation photons produced by particle interactions in a kiloton-scale liquid Argon
time ...projection chamber. The photon detectors of choice are silicon photomultipliers (SiPM),
6×6 mm
2
each, arranged in groups of 48, which present a significantly low
impedance to the front-end electronics. This paper details the design of a cryogenic amplifier
with exceptionally low white voltage noise of 0.37 nV√(
Hz
), based on a silicon-germanium
input transistor and a BiCMOS fully differential operational amplifier. It yields excellent
single photoelectron resolution even at low overvoltage values. The signal rise time is below 100 ns, and the dynamic range is about 2000 photoelectrons at the typical operating overvoltage. It
draws 0.7 mA from a single 3.3 V supply, for a power consumption of 2.4 mW
per channel. Simplified models were developed to predict the single photolectron signal shape and
the signal to noise ratio, with a good match to measured performance.
The purpose of the design, construction and implementation of vacuum apparatus for measuring simultaneously three or more stimulated phenomena in dielectrics and eventually semiconductors is to ...investigate those phenomena as a function of temperature and wavelength. The test of equipment and its functionality were carried out step by step (apparatus, components and control sample) and associated with the calculation of the main physical parameters. The tests of individual parts of the apparatus clearly confirmed that the design, construction and selected components fulfil or even exceed the required properties. On the basis of the measurement of selected sample, it was shown that even weak signals from the material can be detected from both thermally stimulated luminescence and thermally stimulated exo-electron emission moreover transmission and desorption can be measured. NaCl:Ni (0.2%) was chosen as the test material. The activation energies and frequency factor were calculated using the methods of different authors.
The photon detection system of the first far detector (FD1-HD) of the DUNE experiment will detect scintillation photons produced by particle interactions in a kiloton-scale liquid Argon time ...projection chamber. The photon detectors of choice are silicon photomultipliers (SiPM), 6\(\times\)6 mm\(^2\) each, arranged in groups of 48, which present a significantly low impedance to the front-end electronics. This paper details the design of a cryogenic amplifier with exceptionally low white voltage noise of 0.37 nV\(\sqrt{Hz}\), based on a silicon-germanium input transistor and a BiCMOS fully differential operational amplifier. It yields excellent single photoelectron resolution even at low overvoltage values. The signal rise time is below 100 ns, and the dynamic range is about 2000 photoelectrons at the typical operating overvoltage. It draws 0.7 mA from a single 3.3 V supply, for a power consumption of 2.4 mW per channel. Simplified models were developed to predict the single photolectron signal shape and the signal to noise ratio, with a good match to measured performance.
The CALICE Semi-Digital Hadronic CALorimeter (SDHCAL) is the first technological prototype in a family of high-granularity calorimeters developed by the CALICE Collaboration to equip the experiments ...of future lepton colliders. The SDHCAL is a sampling calorimeter using stainless steel for absorber and Glass Resistive Plate Chambers (GRPC) as a sensitive medium. The GRPC are read out by 1~cm \(\times\) 1~cm pickup pads combined to a multi-threshold electronics. The prototype was exposed to hadron beams in both the CERN PS and the SPS beamlines in 2015 allowing the test of the SDHCAL in a large energy range from 3~GeV to 80~GeV. After introducing the method used to select the hadrons of our data and reject the muon and electron contamination, we present the energy reconstruction approach that we apply to the data collected from both beamlines and we discuss the response linearity and the energy resolution of the SDHCAL. The results obtained in the two beamlines confirm the excellent SDHCAL performance observed with the data collected with the same prototype in the SPS beamline in 2012. They also show the stability of the SDHCAL in different beam conditions and different time periods.
The CALICE Semi-Digital Hadronic CALorimeter (SDHCAL) prototype using Glass Resistive Plate Chambers as a sensitive medium is the first technological prototype of a family of high-granularity ...calorimeters developed by the CALICE collaboration to equip the experiments of future leptonic colliders. It was exposed to beams of hadrons, electrons and muons several times in the CERN PS and SPS beamlines between 2012 and 2018. We present here a new method of particle identification within the SDHCAL using the Boosted Decision Trees (BDT) method applied to the data collected in 2015. The performance of the method is tested first with Geant4-based simulated events and then on the data collected by the SDHCAL in the energy range between 10 and 80~GeV with 10~GeV energy steps. The BDT method is then used to reject the electrons and muons that contaminate the SPS hadron beams.
A highly granular electromagnetic calorimeter with scintillator strip readout is being developed for future lepton collider experiments. A prototype of 21.5 \(X_0\) depth and \(180 \times 180 ...\)mm\(^2\) transverse dimensions was constructed, consisting of 2160 individually read out \(10 \times 45 \times 3\) mm\(^3\) scintillator strips. This prototype was tested using electrons of 2--32 GeV at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility in 2009. Deviations from linear energy response were less than 1.1\%, and the intrinsic energy resolution was determined to be \((12.5 \pm 0.1 (\mathrm{stat.}) \pm0.4 (\mathrm{syst.}))\%/\sqrt{E\mathrm{GeV}}\oplus (1.2 \pm 0.1(\mathrm{stat.})^{+0.6}_{-0.7}(\mathrm{syst.}))\%\), where the uncertainties correspond to statistical and systematic sources, respectively.
A detailed investigation of hadronic interactions is performed using -mesons with energies in the range 2–10 GeV incident on a high granularity silicon–tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter. The data ...were recorded at FNAL in 2008. The region in which the -mesons interact with the detector material and the produced secondary particles are characterised using a novel track-finding algorithm that reconstructs tracks within hadronic showers in a calorimeter in the absence of a magnetic field. The principle of carrying out detector monitoring and calibration using secondary tracks is also demonstrated.
A detailed investigation of hadronic interactions is performed using $\pi^-$-mesons with energies in the range 2--10 GeV incident on a high granularity silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter. ...The data were recorded at FNAL in 2008. The region in which the $\pi^-$-mesons interact with the detector material and the produced secondary particles are characterised using a novel track-finding algorithm that reconstructs tracks within hadronic showers in a calorimeter in the absence of a magnetic field. The principle of carrying out detector monitoring and calibration using secondary tracks is also demonstrated.
