The cosmic ray flux measured by the Telescope Array Low Energy Extension (TALE) exhibits three spectral features: the knee, the dip in the \(10^{16}\) eV decade, and the second knee. Here the ...spectrum has been measured for the first time using fluorescence telescopes, which provide a calorimetric, model-independent result. The spectrum appears to be a rigidity-dependent cutoff sequence, where the knee is made by the hydrogen and helium portions of the composition, the dip comes from the reduction in composition from helium to metals, the rise to the second knee occurs due to intermediate range nuclei, and the second knee is the iron knee.
The introduction of load-side control actions, to implement smart grid functions or integrate distributed generation units, has created a new source for power system dynamic events. Such events can ...have the capacity to adversely impact the stability in power systems. The growing interests in load-side control actions mandate the analysis and modeling of their contribution to voltage and frequency dynamics in power systems. This paper presents the analysis, development, and testing of a voltage-survivability based method for modeling the contributions of load-side control actions to power system voltage dynamics and stability. The developed method is structured using a voltage-survivability index <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{\boldsymbol{V}}</tex-math></inline-formula> that is defined at bus in terms of the difference in reactive power injection before and after a load-side control action. The boundary values of the index <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{\boldsymbol{V}}</tex-math></inline-formula> are derived in order to identify survivable and non-survivable load-side control actions. The voltage-survivability based method is implemented and tested for the Barbados power system. Performance tests are conducted for integrating distributed generation units, as well as implementing demand response at several load buses. Results of conducted tests demonstrate the ability of voltage-survivability based method to accurately model and quantify the impacts of load-sides activities on the bus voltages in the test power system.
Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) is an endolumenal, organ-sparing therapy for obesity, with wide global adoption. We aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of ESG with lifestyle modifications ...compared with lifestyle modifications alone.
We conducted a randomised clinical trial at nine US centres, enrolling individuals aged 21–65 years with class 1 or class 2 obesity and who agreed to comply with lifelong dietary restrictions. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1·5; with stratified permuted blocks) to ESG with lifestyle modifications (ESG group) or lifestyle modifications alone (control group), with potential retightening or crossover to ESG, respectively, at 52 weeks. Lifestyle modifications included a low-calorie diet and physical activity. Participants in the primary ESG group were followed up for 104 weeks. The primary endpoint at 52 weeks was the percentage of excess weight loss (EWL), with excess weight being that over the ideal weight for a BMI of 25 kg/m2. Secondary endpoints included change in metabolic comorbidities between the groups. We used multiple imputed intention-to-treat analyses with mixed-effects models. Our analyses were done on a per-protocol basis and a modified intention-to-treat basis. The safety population was defined as all participants who underwent ESG (both primary and crossover ESG) up to 52 weeks.
Between Dec 20, 2017, and June 14, 2019, 209 participants were randomly assigned to ESG (n=85) or to control (n=124). At 52 weeks, the primary endpoint of mean percentage of EWL was 49·2% (SD 32·0) for the ESG group and 3·2% (18·6) for the control group (p<0·0001). Mean percentage of total bodyweight loss was 13·6% (8·0) for the ESG group and 0·8% (5·0) for the control group (p<0·0001), and 59 (77%) of 77 participants in the ESG group reached 25% or more of EWL at 52 weeks compared with 13 (12%) of 110 in the control group (p<0·0001). At 52 weeks, 41 (80%) of 51 participants in the ESG group had an improvement in one or more metabolic comorbidities, whereas six (12%) worsened, compared with the control group in which 28 (45%) of 62 participants had similar improvement, whereas 31 (50%) worsened. At 104 weeks, 41 (68%) of 60 participants in the ESG group maintained 25% or more of EWL. ESG-related serious adverse events occurred in three (2%) of 131 participants, without mortality or need for intensive care or surgery.
ESG is a safe intervention that resulted in significant weight loss, maintained at 104 weeks, with important improvements in metabolic comorbidities. ESG should be considered as a synergistic weight loss intervention for patients with class 1 or class 2 obesity. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03406975.
Apollo Endosurgery, Mayo Clinic.
Three di-Schiff bases of 2-hydroxy-5-methyl-isophthalaldehyde with 4-R-anilines (RH, CH
3, OCH
3) and their 1:1 complexes with HClO
4 were studied by FT-IR,
1H, and
13C NMR spectroscopy in ...acetonitrile and
2H
3acetonitrile solutions, respectively. In di-Schiff bases intramolecular OH…N hydrogen bonds have been detected; however, they show no proton polarizability. Hydrogen-bonded systems with fast proton fluctuation and large proton polarizability have been found in the 1:1 complexes of di-Schiff bases with HClO
4.
This report introduces a Lagrangian-based Particle Tracking Model (PTM) developed by the Coastal Inlets Research Program (CIRP) and the Dredging Operations and Environmental Research Program (DOER) ...being conducted at the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center. The PTM's Lagrangian framework is one in which the sediment being modeled is discretized into a finite number of particles that are followed as they are transported by the flow. Lagrangian modeling is insightful for modeling transport from specified sources. Many particles are modeled such that transport patterns are representative of all particle movement from the sources. The model operates in the Surface-water Modeling System (SMS) interface and allows the user to simulate particle transport processes to determine particle fate and pathways. Waves and currents used in the PTM as forcing functions are developed through other models and input directly to the PTM. PTM Version 1.0 input files are from the ADCIRC or M2-D depth-averaged hydrodynamic models and STWAVE and WABED wave models. Other models can be used as input by first converting their output to ADCIRC, M2- D, or STWAVE and WABED formats. The general features, formulation, and capabilities of PTM Version 1.0 are described in this report, including the basic components of the model, model input and output, and application guidelines. Other chapters of this report provide detailed information about the PTM s theory, numerical implementation, and examples that demonstrate the model s potential usage in practical applications. Sediment pathways are readily identified within the Lagrangian modeling framework of the PTM for conditions with sharp gradients in suspended solids (plumes, for example), where numerical diffusion in Eulerian models would require very small grid spacing to provide reliable solutions.
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