Review of Particle Physics Workman, R L; Klempt, E; Agashe, K ...
Progress of theoretical and experimental physics,
08/2022, Letnik:
2022, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Abstract
The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 2,143 new measurements from 709 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured ...properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 120 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on Machine Learning, and one on Spectroscopy of Light Meson Resonances.
The Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and 97 review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings and contains also 23 reviews that address specific aspects of the data presented in the Listings.
The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group (pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book. A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is available in print, as a web version optimized for use on phones, and as an Android app.
Review of Particle Physics Barnett, R M; Beringer, J; Dahl, O ...
Progress of theoretical and experimental physics,
2020, Letnik:
2020, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Abstract
The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,324 new measurements from 878 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured ...properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 120 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on High Energy Soft QCD and Diffraction and one on the Determination of CKM Angles from B Hadrons.
The Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and 98 review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings and contains also 22 reviews that address specific aspects of the data presented in the Listings.
The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group (pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book. A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is available in print and as a web version optimized for use on phones as well as an Android app.
•Nanofluids containing nanodiamonds (ND) with two various purities (97% and 87%) were investigated.•Thermophysical and dielectric properties of ND-EG nanofluids were measured.•It was presented that ...ND purity has impact on thermophysical properties of nanofluids.
Two types of ethylene glycol (EG) based nanodiamonds (ND) nanofluids with various diamond phase were prepared. Nanodiamonds were characterized with various techniques like scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDS). Diamond phases of the materials were 97% and 87% according to manufacturer declaration, and each type of nanofluids were prepared in various mass fraction from 0.01 to 0.1. The paper presents new detailed results on rheological, thermophysical and dielectric properties of these materials. It was presented that those material exhibit viscoelastic, non-Newtonian, thixotropy nature and it depends on purity of NDs. Experimental values of density measurements show that it does not depend on purity of nanodiamonds. On the other hand it was reported that isobaric heat capacity is higher for nanofluids containing ND with higher purity. Results of experiments show also that thermal conductivity enhancement in this material is rather low, and it is slightly higher for more pure NDs. Finally, dielectric profile of these nanofluids was presented, and it show that electrical conductivity of nanosuspension is slightly higher in nanofluids containing NDs with 97% purity.
Nanofluids are recent nanomaterials with improved thermophysical properties that could enhance the efficiency and reliability of heat transfer systems. Relevant properties for heat transfer ...calculation, thin film flows, droplet impingements or microfluidic are surface tension and wettability. However, to date, the understanding of those properties in nanofluids field is at the beginning compared to transport properties. At this stage, this review focus on the effect of nanoparticles and base fluid nature, temperature, use of surfactant, nanoparticle concentration, size and shape as well on the surface tension and wettability of nanofluids. After the presentation of heat transfer processes involving the influence of surface tension and wettability, this paper is organized according to the nature of the nanoparticles dealing with oxide, carbon-based and metallic nanofluids as well as unusual or less considered nature of nanoparticles. The factors affecting the surface tension of nanofluids are relatively well identified, but concentration and surfactant effects present some inconsistent outcomes. In any case, the dispersion of nanoparticles have an effect on the surface tension of base fluid significantly lower than that on transport properties. Based on results available in the literature and existing empirical correlations, a comprehensive assessment, challenges and future works are suggested.
To characterize the influence of hypothyroidism on the endocrine activity of mesenteric and omental adipose tissue (MOAT) and the peripheral regulation of energy balance (EB) in rats, we analyzed ...food intake (FI); basal metabolic rate (BMR); locomotor activity; body weight (BW); serum hormone concentrations and the expression of their receptors in MOAT. We evaluated the morphology and differentiation of adipocytes. Hypothyroidism decreased FI, BMR and BW. The percentage of visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) depots and the morphology of adipocytes were similar to euthyroid rats. Serum leptin and adiponectin expression in MOAT were altered by hypothyroidism. The expression of Perilipin 1, HSL, UCP1 and PRDM16 was significantly lower in MOAT of hypothyroid animals. Hypothyroidism in rats leads to a compensated EB by inducing a white adipocyte dysfunction and a decrease in BW, BMR, FI and adipokine secretions without changing the percentage of WAT depots and the morphology of the MOAT.
•Hypothyroidism affects body weight and length of the animals.•Hypothyroidism reduces food intake and basal metabolic rate of the animals.•Hypothyroidism modifies serum and tissue levels of adipokines.•Hypothyroidism induces white adipocyte dysfunction.•Hypothyroidism decreases the expression of white/brown/brite adipocyte markers.
To compare the effectiveness of 3 approaches for communicating opioid risk during an emergency department visit for a common painful condition.
This parallel, multicenter randomized controlled trial ...was conducted at 6 geographically disparate emergency department sites in the United States. Participants included adult patients between 18 and 70 years of age presenting with kidney stone or musculoskeletal back pain. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 risk communication strategies: (1) a personalized probabilistic risk visual aid, (2) a visual aid and a video narrative, or 3) general risk information. The primary outcomes were accuracy of risk recall, reported opioid use, and treatment preference at time of discharge.
A total of 1301 participants were enrolled between June 2017 and August 2019. There was no difference in risk recall at 14 days between the narrative and probabilistic groups (43.7% vs 38.8%; absolute risk reduction = 4.9%; 95% confidence interval CI = -2.98, 12.75). The narrative group had lower rates of preference for opioids at discharge than the general risk information group (25.9% vs 33.0%; difference = 7.1%; 95% CI = 0.64, 0.97). There were no differences in reported opioid use at 14 days between the narrative, probabilistic, and general risk groups (10.5%, 10.3%, and 13.3%, respectively;
= .44).
An emergency medicine communication tool incorporating probabilistic risk and patient narratives was more effective than general information in mitigating preferences for opioids in the treatment of pain but was not more effective with respect to opioid use or risk recall.
Clinical Trials.gov identifier: NCT03134092. (
. 2022;112(S1):S45-S55. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306511).
Hybrid nanofluids aim to further improve the characteristics of mono nanofluids. However, experimental studies that jointly explore the physical properties of hybrids and the corresponding mono ...nanofluids are missing. In this work, mono B4C and TiB2 and hybrid TiB2:B4C nanoadditives are used for the first time to design nanofluids based on propylene glycol:water 20:80 wt%. The density, isobaric heat capacity, and thermal conductivity of the nanofluids are determined by the oscillating U-tube, differential scanning calorimetry, and transient hot wire methods, respectively. The rheological behaviour is investigated through rotational rheometry. Additionally, surface tension and electrical conductivity are investigated. The B4C mono nanofluid shows the highest improvements of thermal conductivity (6.0%) and electrical conductivity (70 times higher), but also the highest viscosity increases (51–54%). The hybrid nanofluid presents intermediate values between those of the mono nanofluids for all the properties except dynamic viscosity. Interactions between spherical and sheet-like nanoparticles explain this behaviour.
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•Mono and hybrid TiB2/B4C nanofluids based on propylene glycol:water are designed.•Thermophysical, rheological and electrical properties of nanofluids are examined.•Hybrid nanofluid shows intermediate ρ, cp and k between those of mono nanofluids.•Interactions among spherical and sheet-like particles cause lower η for the hybrid.•The hybrid shows promise for heat transfer and the mono B4C for electrical purpose
Energy efficiency of systems stands out as a critical parameter to achieve sustainability. Heat transfer processes spend an important part of overall energy consumption, so the enhancement of its ...efficiency is an important research field. Nanofluids have received increasing attention to reach this goal because of its initial conception as thermal-improved working fluids. Nevertheless, the increase in thermal conductivity produced by the dispersion of nanoparticles should not be the only focus. In forced convection processes, viscosity plays an important role in achieving an improvement of the exchange of heat. In addition, the energy consumption needed to pump the new fluid is directly related to its viscosity. In this work, the rheological behaviour of different loaded functionalized graphene nanoplatelet dispersions (nanoparticle mass concentrations, wt%, of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0) in three based fluids (water, propylene glycol:water mixture at 30:70 wt% and propylene glycol:water mixture at 50:50 wt%) has been investigated by using a rotational rheometer. A double cone geometry was employed together with a cover specially appropriated to help thermostatization and avoid evaporation at high temperatures. The viscosity curves in the shear rate range from 10 to 1000 s−1, with 10 points per decade, and in the temperature range from 283.15 to 353.15 K, with 10 K step, were determined for the three base fluids and the twelve different nanofluids. The dynamic viscosities values of the base fluids were compared with those available in the literature, absolute average deviations being lower than the experimental uncertainty. The dynamic viscosities of the nanofluids were obtained for the Newtonian ranges and their dependences with temperature and nanoadditive concentration were analysed, as well as the influence of the base fluid on these trends. Furthermore, the fitting parameters of an equation that models temperature and nanoparticle concentration dependences are provided, which allow to describe viscosity data for each of the three sets of nanofluids with deviations lower than 1.8%. Finally, linear viscoelastic oscillatory experiments were performed for those samples that showed evidences of Non-Newtonian behaviour in the non-linear tests. These oscillatory tests were carried out in the deformation range from 0.1 to 1000% at constant frequency, 1 Hz, and at 283.15 and 293.15 K. Unlike the base fluids and other nanofluids sets, the nanofluids of the analysed propylene glycol:water 50:50 nanofluid set at 283.15 K and 293.15 K present a clear shear thinning (pseudoplastic) non-Newtonian behaviour, the Newtonian plateaus being easily identified as the concentration rises in the lowest deformations range.
A total of 1,200 Ross broiler chickens were used in 2 separate feeding studies to explore the effect of myo-inositol (MYO) and phytase on performance and blood biochemistry of broilers fed diets ...formulated to be either adequate or insufficient in Ca and digestible P (dP). Supplementation of diets that were formulated to be insufficient in Ca and dP with MYO resulted in improved BW gain and feed conversion ratio in both experiments. However, these effects were most pronounced in the finisher phase, and moderate negative effects were observed during the starter period. Supplementation of the diet with microbial phytase improved BW gain and feed conversion ratio to a similar extent as was observed with MYO, and there was a degree of subadditivity between the 2 additives. Blood glucose concentrations were increased by both MYO and phytase, though possibly by different mechanisms, because insulin concentrations were not directly relatable to circulating glucose levels, especially when both MYO and phytase were applied simultaneously. The increase in blood glucose concentrations with MYO and phytase was most pronounced in the diet with a lower Ca and dP concentration. It can be concluded that dietary supplementation with MYO or phytase was effective in improving performance of commercial broiler chickens. However, further work is required to explore complex ontogenetic effects of MYO and possible involvement of both MYO and phytase in Na-dependent transport mechanisms.
Background
To determine the impact of personalized risk communication and opioid prescribing on nonprescribed opioid use, we conducted a secondary analysis of randomized controlled trial participants ...followed prospectively for 90 days after an emergency department (ED) visit for acute back or kidney stone pain.
Methods
A total of 1301 individuals were randomized during an encounter at four academic EDs into a probabilistic risk tool (PRT) arm, a narrative‐enhanced PRT arm, or a general risk information arm (control). In this secondary analysis, both risk tool arms were combined and compared with the control arm. We used logistic regressions to determine associations between receiving personalized risk information, receiving an opioid prescription in the ED, and nonprescribed opioid use in general and by race.
Results
Complete follow‐up data were available for 851 participants; 23.3% (n = 198) were prescribed opioids (34.2% of White vs. 11.6% of Black participants, p < 0.001). Fifty‐six (6.6%) participants used nonprescribed opioids. Participants in the personalized risk communication arms had lower nonprescribed opioid use odds (adjusted odds ratio aOR 0.58, 95% confidence interval CI 0.4–0.83). Black versus White participants had greater nonprescribed opioid use odds (aOR 3.47, 95% CI 2.05–5.87, p < 0.001). Black participants who were prescribed opioids had a lower marginal probability of using nonprescribed opioids versus those who were not (0.06, 95% CI 0.04–0.08, p < 0.001 vs. 0.10, 95% CI 0.08–0.11, p < 0.001). The absolute risk difference in nonprescribed opioid use for Black and White participants, respectively, in the risk communication versus the control arm, was 9.7% and 0.1% (relative risk ratio 0.43 vs. 0.95).
Conclusions
Among Black but not White participants, personalized opioid risk communication and opioid prescribing were associated with lower odds of nonprescribed opioid use. Our findings suggest that racial disparities in opioid prescribing—which have been previously described within the context of this trial—may paradoxically increase nonprescribed opioid use. Personalized risk communication may effectively reduce nonprescribed opioid use, and future research should be designed specifically to explore this possibility in a larger cohort.
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