Agro-industrial residue and textile effluents have caused environmental damage to soil and water bodies. The production of fungal enzymes using agro-industrial residues and the use of these enzymes ...in the degradation of textile dyes can be a viable alternative to reduce these environmental damages.
Lentinula edodes
is a white rot fungus with high nutritional value that produces edible mushrooms and enzymes of commercial interest. Thus, the objectives of this study were to produce, purify, and biochemically characterize the lignocellulolytic enzymes and lipases produced for
L. edodes
in Macaúba coconut and to evaluate their potential for the degradation of textile dyes. The
L. edodes
UFV 73 had maximum enzymatic activity at 37 days of incubation. After the purification steps, the laccase, manganese peroxidase (MnP), cellulase, and, xylanase yields were 489.01, 264.2, 105.02, and 9.5%. The optimum temperature of cellulase activity did not change from 4 to 60 °C. The MnP, laccase, and lipase had activity directly proportional to the increase in temperature, while the cellulase and xylanase activity did not change. The optimum pH varied among analyzed enzymes. All the enzymes analyzed are according to Michaelis–Menten kinetics. The lignocellulolytic enzymes were stable up to 8 h of incubation and lipase had a reduction of activity after one hour. The discoloration rate of indigo dye by partially purified enzymatic extract (PPPE) was 40%, which shows its potential for degradation of dyes from textile industries.
Supplementation of edible fungi with essential mineral during cultivation has been an interesting approach to proffer solution to mineral deficiency. Effect of selenium Se concentrations 0, 50.0, ...100.0 mg mL-1 as sodium selenite on mycelial growth and biomass production of Pleurotus spp. was assessed. The biological efficiency and uptake of Se was determined after the cultivation of Pleurotus mushrooms on Urochloa decumbens signal grass with 50.0 g kg-1 of Se. The fungal growth rate and biomass production were reduced after addition of Se and their value ranged from 1.0 mm d-1 to 3.6 mm d-1 and 5.63 g to 30.5 g respectively. Higher biological efficiency (115.23%) was obtained for P. ostreatus P93 and was significantly different P<0.05 from other tested Pleurotus spp. Cultivated P. pulmonarius aborbed more Se 135.5 µg g-1 followed by Pleurotus cornucopiae 120.34 µg g-1 but no Se was detected in the control mushrooms grown on subatrate without Se. Therefore, signal grass can be used as substrate for cultivation of edible fungi Pleurotus species enriched with Se. The produced mushrooms can serve as a natural source of mineral supplement for human beings to curb the symptoms of selenium deficiency.
The inoculation with symbiotic fungi, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and/or
Piriformospora indica
on the growth, nutrient absorption, and induction of antioxidant enzyme activities in plantlets ...of pineapple ‘Imperial’ (fusariosis-resistant) and ‘Pérola’ (fusariosis-susceptible) in the presence of
Fusarium subglutinans
f. sp.
ananas
was investigated. The experiment was comprised by two cultivars, with or without fungal inoculation (
Claroideoglomus etunicatum
,
Rhizophagus clarus
, and
P. indica
, a mixture of all the fungi, and the control—absence of fungal inoculation), with or without applying
Fusarium
conidia, and with four replicates. In both cultivars, nutrient absorption was higher in the AMF plantlets compared to those inoculated with
P. indica
or the control ones, although it was more efficient in ‘Imperial’ than in ‘Pérola’. Inoculation with AMF and/or
P. indica
as well as the pathogen influenced differently the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase, in the shoots or roots of pineapple plantlets in both cultivars. Inoculated plantlets with mixture of all the fungi also exhibited a better growth and nutrient absorption, and generally, the ‘Imperial’ responded better than ‘Pérola’. In addition, these plantlets developed better than the control even in the presence of pathogen, indicating that inoculation with AMF and/or
P. indica
may contribute to the production of more resistant propagative material. Increased antioxidant enzyme activity is a potential strategy for managing this plant for explore biological control as an alternative to reduce environmental and health impacts by reducing the use of fungicides.
•Microorganisms act directly on coffee beverage quality.•Induced fermentation increases the sensory classification of coffee beverage.•Total sensory score for fermented coffee was higher than ...unfermented coffee.•Total score was higher in the washed method than in dry fermentation at 108 and 216 h.•The formation of groups in dry fermentation was mainly due to balance and body.
Microorganisms influence the sensory quality of the coffee beverage through the compounds degradation or release of metabolites that diffuse into the fruit. However, type and duration of fermentation can contribute to the growth and diversity of microorganisms. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the microbial and sensory profile of Arabica coffees under different fruit-processing conditions and fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Coffee cherries were used in the dry fermentation and washed fermentation at 28°C. Fermentation time ranged from 36 to 288 hours. A panel of sensory attributes was evaluated by 9 Q-graders. Mid-infrared spectra were obtained in the wavenumber range from 4000 to 650 cm−1. Microbial analyses were performed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Total sensory score for fermented coffee was higher than for unfermented coffee. In 108 and 216 hours of fermentation, the total score was higher in washed fermentation than in dry fermentation, which also shows the influence of post-harvest processing and the removal of husk on the quality of fermented coffee. Balance and body were the sensory attributes that most contributed to group formation in dry fermentation. Thus, induced fermentation increases the sensory classification of coffee beverages with positive effects on chemical and sensory profiles.
•Sequencing was crucial to identify the bacterial succession during fermentation.•Food safety is a factor important in the microbial fermentations of coffee.•Fermentation at 38 °C promotes more ...shifts in the bacterial composition.•High temperature and time of fermentation favors Lactobacillus sp.•Relative abundance of Lactobacillus is directly correlated with sensory scores.
The diversity and activity of the indigenous microorganisms in coffee are essential for obtaining safe and good-quality coffee. The use of fermentation under carbonic maceration in coffee fruits showed a positive correlation between the bacterial community and sensory score. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the bacterial diversity in coffee cherries during fermentation under carbonic maceration and their correlations with coffee-quality. Next-generation sequencing and Specialty Coffee Association protocol were used in this study. Predominance of Leuconostoc sp. and Lactobacillus sp. during fermentation was observed. Leuconostoc sp. had higher relative abundance in the initial phase of fermentation and at 18 and 28 °C than Lactobacillus sp. Furthermore, the greatest microbial diversity occurred at 38 °C and after 72 h. At this temperature, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus correlated positively with sensorial score. Thus, an increase in temperature and fermentation time favors Lactobacillus spp and coffee sensory quality.
Studies on the ecology of the organisms involved in the production process are necessary for the development of sustainable agriculture, and sustainability is currently closely linked to the ...profitability of production. The objective of this study was to verify the occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in weeds infesting Brazilian crops and to evaluate the inorganic phosphate solubilization potential of the associated microbiota. A total of 36 weed species were evaluated for the occurrence of mycorrhizae; of these, 11 were selected to evaluate their potential for total and relative phosphate solubilization. All of the species demonstrated mycorrhizal colonization, including a member of the Brassicaceae family, which is usually assumed to be non-mycorrhizal. In most of the species, morphological types of arbuscular and coiled hyphae were observed, with the coiled hyphae being the most common in the grasses. Dark septate endophytic fungi were observed in most of the plants. The weeds presented different potentials for P solubilization in the rhizosphere; Amaranthus retroflexus, Bidens pilosa and Leonotis nepetaefolia showed high values of relative phosphate solubilization. This is the first report on the mycorrhizae and phosphate solubilization activity in weeds in Brazil.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Weeds and soil microorganisms interact with each other in the soil/root interface, promoting the development and establishment of both. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and ...nutrient accumulation in eight species of weeds (Ageratum conyzoides L., Bidens pilosa L., Cenchrus echinatus L., Conyza bonariensis L., Echinochloa crus-galli L., Eleusine indica L. Ipomoea grandifolia L. and Lolium multiflorum L.) and in bean and corn crops grown for 50 days in a substrate fumigated with methyl bromide. Assessments relating to the height, leaf area, leaf number, dry weight of shoots and roots and relative content of nutrients were carried out 50 days after seedling emergence. A positive effect of soil fumigation was observed on the growth, leaf number, leaf area, plant height and accumulation of nutrients in monocot weeds in relation to dicots. Conyza bonariensis was the most affected by soil fumigation, with levels of dry matter, leaf number, leaf area, height and accumulation of nutrients approximately 50% lower than plants grown in normal soil. Fumigation also influenced the growth cycle of the plants, which was lower for B. pilosa, E. indica and C. echinatus. We also observed a 20 and 30% lower phosphorus accumulation in Bidens pilosa and Conyza bonariensis, respectively, when grown in the sterilized soil. Overall, the bean and corn crops were less affected by soil fumigation than the weeds.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
O ensino-aprendizagem das Ciências da Natureza e da Agroecologia podem ser contextualizados para contemplar a realidade da escola e motivar o interesse dos estudantes. O cultivo de cogumelos ...comestíveis é uma alternativa para o reaproveitamento de resíduos agroindustriais e pode ser utilizado no ensino, contribuindo com a formação da juventude do campo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo divulgar o cultivo de cogumelos pela utilização de resíduos agroindustriais na Escola Família Agrícola (EFA) Puris, como ferramenta de ensino-aprendizagem das Ciências da Natureza e da Agroecologia. A EFA Puris está localizada na comunidade de Novo Horizonte, Araponga, MG, e oferece o Ensino Médio integrado com o curso Técnico em Agropecuária, sendo a Agroecologia um eixo importante. Para reconhecer as necessidades da EFA Puris, antes da realização do trabalho, foi organizada uma roda de conversa com os monitores da escola. Foi realizada uma oficina com os alunos do 1° ano do Ensino Médio, que contou com exposição teórica, atividades práticas, uma atividade denominada ‘colocação em comum’ (quando todos partilharam suas experiências e perspectivas com relação ao tema da atividade), e a resolução de um questionário de avaliação. Nos questionários evidenciou-se que conceitos fundamentais das Ciências da Natureza e princípios da Agroecologia, como por exemplo, ciclagem de matéria e energia, homeopatia, decomposição da matéria orgânica, poluição ambiental e alimentação saudável foram assimilados. Conclui-se que o cultivo de cogumelos comestíveis é um tema gerador que pode dialogar com o cotidiano dos educandos, permitindo interação com o ensino das Ciências da Natureza e da Agroecologia.
Palavras-chave: Prática educativa; licenciatura e educação do campo; alimentação saudável; Pleurotus
Cultivation of edible mushrooms as a teaching proposal of Natural Sciences and Agroecology in the Puris Agricultural Family School
Abstract: The teaching-learning of the Natural Sciences and Agroecology can be contextualized to contemplate the reality of the school and motivate the interest of the students. The cultivation of edible mushrooms is an alternative for the reuse of agroindustrial residues and can be used in education, contributing to the formation of rural youth. This work aimed to promote the cultivation of mushrooms by the use of agroindustrial residues in the Puris Agricultural Family School (EFA Puris), as a teaching and learning tool of Natural Sciences and Agroecology. EFA Puris is located in the community of Novo Horizonte, Araponga, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, and offers the Secondary Education integrated with the Agricultural Technical Course, with Agroecology being a principal axis. In order to recognize the needs of the EFA Puris before the work was carried out, a conversation with the monitors of the school was organized. A workshop was held with the students of the 1st year of High School, which included a theoretical exposition, practical activities, an activity when everyone shared their experiences and perspectives on the subject, and an evaluation questionnaire. The answers to the questionnaires evidenced that fundamental concepts of the Natural Sciences and Agroecology principles, such as cycling of matter and energy, homeopathy, organic matter decomposition, environmental pollution, and healthy eating were assimilated. It is concluded that the cultivation of edible mushrooms is a generative theme that can dialogue with the daily life of the students, allowing interaction with the teaching of the Natural Sciences and Agroecology.
Keywords: Educational Practice; Graduate and Rural Education; Healthy Food; Pleurotus
Cultivo de setas comestibles como propuesta de enseñanza de Ciencias de la Naturaleza y de la Agroecología en la Escuela Familia Agrícola Puris
Resumen: La enseñanza-aprendizaje de las Ciencias de la Naturaleza y de la Agroecología puede ser contextualizada para contemplar la realidad de la escuela y motivar el interés de los estudiantes. El cultivo de setas comestibles es una alternativa para el reaprovechamiento de residuos agroindustriales y puede ser utilizado en la enseñanza, contribuyendo con la formación de la juventud del campo. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo divulgar el cultivo de setas por la utilización de residuos agroindustriales en la Escuela Familia Agrícola (EFA) Puris, como herramienta de enseñanza-aprendizaje de las Ciencias de la Naturaleza y de la Agroecología. La EFA Puris está ubicada en la comunidad de Novo Horizonte, Araponga, Minas Gerais, Brasil, y ofrece la Enseñanza Media integrada con el curso Técnico en Agropecuaria, siendo la Agroecología un eje importante. Para reconocer las necesidades de la EFA Puris, antes de la realización del trabajo, se organizó una rueda de conversación con los monitores de la escuela. Se realizó un taller con los alumnos del 1er año de la Enseñanza Media, que contó con exposición teórica, actividades prácticas, una actividad en la que todos compartieron sus experiencias y perspectivas sobre el tema, y la resolución de un cuestionario de evaluación. En los cuestionarios se evidenció que conceptos fundamentales de las Ciencias de la Naturaleza y principios de la Agroecología, como por ejemplo, ciclo de materia y energía, homeopatía, descomposición de la materia orgánica, contaminación ambiental y alimentación sana fueron asimilados. Se concluye que el cultivo de setas comestibles es un tema generador que puede dialogar con el cotidiano de los educandos, permitiendo interacción con la enseñanza de las Ciencias de la Naturaleza y de la Agroecología.
Palabras-clave: Práctica Educativa; Licenciatura y Educación Rural; Alimentación Sana; Pleurotus.
The symbiosis relationship between arthropods and microorganisms is common in nature and may aid herbivores to counteract plant defences and increase fitness. The spider mite Tetranychus evansi is a ...pest of tomato that manipulates important defence pathways, including those that lead to the production of protease inhibitors, causing great economic impacts. This ability may be related to the action of endosymbionts present in this specie. Thus, this study aimed to identify the microbiota present in the two species of spider mites, Tetranychus evansi and Tetranychus urticae. Microbial DNA was extracted from mite samples and subjected to polymerase chain reaction denaturing-gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), and then submitted to sequencing. Fungi were not identified in any of the mites. The diversity of bacteria was greater in T. evansi. In both spider mites, most of the bacteria species belong to the Proteobacteria phylum. The greater diversity of bacteria found in T. evansi may be related to the ability of this mite to manipulate plant defences, and novel studies could focus on the role of each bacterium in this mechanism. The study of the diversity of microorganisms will help to understand their efficiency as agricultural pests and provide alternatives to combat them.
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