Brazil is the largest country of Latin America, with a considerable portion of its territoritory within the malaria-endemic Amazon region in the North. Furthermore, a considerable portion of its ...territory is located within the Amazon region in the north. As a result, Brazil has reported half of the total malaria cases in the Americas in the last four decades. Recent progress in malaria control has been accompanied by an increasing proportion of Plasmodium vivax, underscoring a need for a better understanding of management and control of this species and associated challenges. Among these challenges, the contribution of vivax malaria relapses, earlier production of gametocytes (compared with Plasmodium falciparum), inexistent methods to diagnose hypnozoite carriers, and decreasing efficacy of available antimalarials need to be addressed. Innovative tools, strategies, and technologies are needed to achieve further progress toward sustainable malaria elimination. Further difficulties also arise from dealing with the inherent socioeconomic and environmental particularities of the Amazon region and its dynamic changes.
Leishmaniasis are diseases caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania and transmitted to humans by the bite of infected insects of the subfamily Phlebotominae. Current drug therapy shows high ...toxicity and severe adverse effects. Recently, two oligopeptidases (OPBs) were identified in Leishmania amazonensis, namely oligopeptidase B (OPB) and oligopeptidase B2 (OPB2). These OPBs could be ideal targets, since both enzymes are expressed in all parasite lifecycle and were not identified in human. This work aimed to identify possible dual inhibitors of OPB and OPB2 from L. amazonensis. The three-dimensional structures of both enzymes were built by comparative modelling and used to perform a virtual screening of ZINC database by DOCK Blaster server. It is the first time that OPB models from L. amazonensis are used to virtual screening approach. Four hundred compounds were identified as possible inhibitors to each enzyme. The top scored compounds were submitted to refinement by AutoDock program. The best results suggest that compounds interact with important residues, as Tyr490, Glu612 and Arg655 (OPB numbers). The identified compounds showed better results than antipain and drugs currently used against leishmaniasis when ADMET in silico were performed. These compounds could be explored in order to find dual inhibitors of OPB and OPB2 from L. amazonensis.
We evaluated the in vitro activity of miltefosine against 29 Pythium spp. and the in vivo therapeutic response of 2mg/kg/day of miltefosine given orally to rabbit with pythiosis induced ...experimentally. The MICs (in μg/mL) of miltefosine was medium-dependent and ranged from 0.5 to 2 and 32–64 on RPMI 1640 and Mueller Hinton broth, respectively. The treatment with miltefosine demonstrated significantly lower subcutaneous lesion areas compared to the control group but was not sufficient for the complete remission of the lesions. This study indicates that miltefosine has limited efficacy against pythiosis and furthers in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary to determine the possible potential of this drug in the treatment of pythiosis.
BACKGROUND: Fish intake, the major source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), may reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). OBJECTIVE: We investigated the ...association of oily fish and dietary DHA and EPA with neovascular AMD (NV-AMD). DESIGN: Participants aged >=65 y in the cross-sectional population-based EUREYE study underwent fundus photography and were interviewed by using a food-frequency questionnaire. Fundus images were graded by the International Classification System for Age Related Maculopathy. Questionnaire data were converted to nutrient intakes with the use of food-composition tables. Survey logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs of energy-adjusted quartiles of EPA or DHA with NV-AMD, taking into account potential confounders. RESULTS: Dietary intake data and fundus images were available for 105 cases with NV-AMD and for 2170 controls without any features of early or late AMD. Eating oily fish at least once per week compared with less than once per week was associated with a halving of the odds of NV-AMD (OR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.33, 0.68; P = 0.002). Compared with the lowest quartile, there was a significant trend for decreased odds with increasing quartiles of either DHA or EPA. ORs in the highest quartiles were 0.32 (95% CI: 0.12, 0.87; P = 0.03) for DHA and 0.29 (95% CI: 0.11, 0.73; P = 0.02) for EPA. CONCLUSIONS: Eating oily fish at least once per week compared with less than once per week was associated with a halving of the OR for NV-AMD.
Objectives The aim of the study was to characterize plasmids that harbour blaESBL genes and their genetic environment in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae clones circulating in Spain. ...Methods The incompatibility group of plasmids within 58 strains harbouring blaCTX-M (n = 45) and blaSHV (n = 15) genes was determined by rep-typing-PCR and hybridization. The blaESBL genetic environment was determined by PCR and sequencing. Results The blaCTX-M-9 genes (n = 14) were linked to In60 located in IncI1 (50%) or IncHI2 plasmids (28%). All blaCTX-M-14 genes (n = 13) were flanked by ISEcp1 and IS903 and 12 were associated with IncK plasmids. One of two blaCTX-M-10 genes was present in an IncK plasmid, but both genes were linked to a phage-related element. Five of seven blaCTX-M-1 (71%), all three blaCTX-M-32 and one of two blaCTX-M-3 genes were linked to IncN plasmids. The other blaCTX-M-3 gene was linked to IncA/C and the remaining two blaCTX-M-1 genes to IncFII plasmids. Three blaCTX-M-15 genes were associated with IncF (repFIA) and one with IncFII plasmids. All these genes from blaCTX-M group-1 showed the ISEcp1 upstream truncated by different insertion sequences. Forty-three percent of blaSHV-12 genes (n = 14) were located in IncI1 plasmids, all flanked by the IS26 and DEOR region. The only detected blaSHV-5 gene was located in an IncFII plasmid and flanked by recF and DEOR regions. Conclusions A diversity of the plasmid incompatibility groups that harbour blaESBL genes was observed, except for the blaCTX-M-14 gene. Moreover, a high variability was confirmed in the genetic environment of these genes as a result of insertion and deletion events.
To determine trends in ciprofloxacin resistance and co-resistance to other antibiotic classes in blood isolates of Escherichia coli, and to investigate if there is an ecological relationship to the ...community use of fluoroquinolones and other antibiotics.
Forty-two Spanish hospitals of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network collected ciprofloxacin and other antibiotic susceptibility data for non-duplicate consecutive E. coli isolates from patients with bacteraemia between 2001 and 2009. The nationwide ambulatory use of antibiotics between 1997 and 2008 was determined by WHO methods, and the co-evolution of both parameters was further analysed.
Of the 28 307 E. coli blood isolates, 27.9% were ciprofloxacin non-susceptible (CIPNS), increasing from 17.6% in 2001 to 32.7% in 2009. A continuous increase was observed between CIPNS and other resistances, including cephalosporin resistance due to the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and non-susceptibility to both amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and tobramycin. Although the total use of antibiotics did not increase, community use of levofloxacin, moxifloxacin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid increased by 307.2%, 62.6% and 70.1%, respectively. Yearly rates of CIPNS E. coli strongly correlated with the use of levofloxacin, moxifloxacin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (r(2 )> 0.80; P < 0.005 in all cases).
The rapid increase in CIPNS E. coli causing bacteraemia was closely related to the increase in resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, production of ESBLs and resistance to aminoglycosides. Community use of fluoroquinolones (mainly moxifloxacin and levofloxacin) and of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid represents a significant driver in the progression of fluoroquinolone resistance in bacteraemic E. coli.
Objective To determine the impact and preventability of adverse events (AEs) associated with health care in Spanish hospitals. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Twenty-four Spanish ...hospitals. Participants Patients of any age with a clinical record indicating an inpatient stay of >24 h and a discharge between 4 and 10 June 2005 (n = 5908). Intervention None. Main Outcome Measures Percentage of AEs considered preventable. Results We were able to identify 525 patients suffering AEs associated directly with medical care, who accumulated 655 AEs with 43% of these AEs considered preventable. Overall, 45% (295 AEs) were considered minor, 39% (255 AEs) moderate and 16% (105 AEs) severe. There were no significant differences in AE severity by hospital size, but AEs associated with surgical services were more likely to be severe than those associated with medical services. Some 31.4% of AEs resulted in a longer stay and 23.4% led to hospital admission. AEs associated with medical care caused 6.1 additional days per patient. Of the patients, 66.3% required additional procedures and 69.9% required additional treatments. Incidence of death in patients with AEs was 4.4% (CI 95%: 2.8–6.5). Age over 65 was associated with a higher incidence of preventable AEs. The highest percentages of preventable AEs were related to diagnosis (84.2%), to nosocomial infections (56.6%) and to care (56%). Conclusions In Spanish hospitals, AEs associated with health care cause distress, disability, death, lengthen hospital stay and cause increased consumption of health-care resources. A relatively high percentage of AEs in Spain may be preventable with improvements in medical care.
This paper illustrates the impacts of mining disaster after more than 20 years. A two - day rapid assessment was carried out at Mogpog and Boac River catchment in Marinduque Island in March 2019. The ...target site included Maguilaguila Pit that connects the river catchment and formerly used as mining wastes pit. This is to understand the impacts of 1993 and 1996 mining disasters in the Boac-Mogpog river basin at Marinduque, Philippines. The island of Marinduque has been considered as among the top ten most vulnerable islands in the country due to its environmental condition and geographical location which affected the island demography. The island has suffered the impacts of one of the country's biggest mining disasters. The instruments used to conduct rapid site assessment were SciAps X-300 Handheld X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) Model DJI Mavic Air, Google Earth, Hannah Multiparameter HI 9811-5 with HI 1285-5 probe and HI 70007, 70031, 70032 and 700661 solutions. The DJI Mavic Air captured images of Mogpog and Boac River catchment which helped direct the research team to take the right sampling locations. The DJI Mavic Air captured site images of the two rivers as dead rivers and use as land transportation route during dry season. The Google Earth captured the historical images of the target areas. The recorded data showed that the pit and nearby river water is acidic with pH equivalent to 2.9 and 4.1, respectively. The range of concentration of total dissolved solids in Mogpog and Boac river water was 100-1360 and 160-1150 ppm, respectively. The recorded concentration of iron near the pit was 125,587 ppm, and chromium concentration range was 80-99 ppm. The concentration of copper and manganese in the sediments was 5 and 158 times higher (respectively) than the 1998 detected concentrations. Based on the recorded data and images, the Maguilaguila pit, Boac and Mogpog River catchment need immediate attention. It could be concluded that based on the recent assessment results, leaks at the pit are likely. Also, the combination of areal-aerial and ground technique produced two - day rapid site assessment for areas contaminated by mine tailings. The information could aid in preparing prompt action and setting strategies that are helpful in carrying out risk reduction programs in the island.
To determine the evolution and trends of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid resistance among Escherichia coli isolates in Spain, we tested 9,090 blood isolates from 42 Spanish hospitals and compared ...resistance with trends in outpatient consumption. These isolates were collected by Spanish hospitals that participated in the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System network from April 2003 through December 2006.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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