This article provides guidance to prudent use of the World Input–Output Database (WIOD) in analyses of international trade. The WIOD contains annual time‐series of world input–output tables and ...factor requirements covering the period from 1995 to 2011. Underlying concepts, construction methods and data sources are introduced, pointing out particular strengths and weaknesses. We illustrate its usefulness by analyzing the geographical and factorial distribution of value added in global automotive production and show increasing fragmentation, both within and across regions. Possible improvements and extensions to the data are discussed.
ABSTRACT
Denser networks of intermediate input flows between countries suggest ongoing international fragmentation of production chains. But is this process mainly taking place between countries ...within a region, or is it truly global? We provide new macroeconomic evidence by extending the Feenstra and Hanson () measure of fragmentation to a multicountry setting. We derive the distribution of value added by all countries involved in the production chain of a particular final good. This is based on a new input–output model of the world economy, covering 40 countries and 14 manufacturing product groups. We find that in almost all product chains, the share of value added outside the country‐of‐completion has increased since 1995. This is mainly added outside the region to which the country‐of‐completion belongs, suggesting a transition from regional production systems to “Factory World.” This tendency was only briefly interrupted by the financial crisis in 2008.
Slicing Up Global Value Chains Timmer, Marcel P.; Erumban, Abdul Azeez; Los, Bart ...
The Journal of economic perspectives,
04/2014, Letnik:
28, Številka:
2
Journal Article
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In this paper, we “slice up the global value chain” using a decomposition technique that has recently become feasible due to the development of the World Input-Output Database. We trace the value ...added by all labor and capital that is directly and indirectly needed for the production of final manufacturing goods. The production systems of these goods are highly prone to international fragmentation as many stages can be undertaken in any country with little variation in quality. We seek to establish a series of facts concerning the global fragmentation of production that can serve as a starting point for future analysis. We describe four major trends. First, international fragmentation, as measured by the foreign value-added content of production, has rapidly increased since the early 1990s. Second, in most global value chains there is a strong shift towards value being added by capital and high-skilled labor, and away from less-skilled labor. Third, within global value chains, advanced nations increasingly specialize in activities carried out by high-skilled workers. Fourth, emerging economies surprisingly specialize in capital-intensive activities.
In a recent contribution to the AER, Koopman, Wang, and Wei (2014) proposed a decomposition of a country's gross exports into valueadded components and double-counted terms. It is motivated by ...complex manipulation of basic accounting identities. In this comment we provide an alternative framework based on "hypothetical extraction." This parsimonious approach provides a clear definition of domestic value added in exports and has a natural extension into decompositions of bilateral export flows.
Increasing fragmentation of production across borders is changing the nature of international competition. As a result, conventional indicators of competitiveness based on gross exports become less ...informative and new measures are needed. In this paper we propose a new concept based on the value added that countries contribute to the production of final manufacturing goods, called 'global value chain (GVC) income'. We develop an ex-post accounting framework to measure this and provide trends for European countries based on a recent multi-sector input–output model of the world economy. We find that gross exports overestimate the competitiveness of economies that rely heavily on imported intermediates, and this bias has increased over time. Based on GVC incomes, we find that revealed comparative advantage of the EU27 is shifting to activities related to the production of non-electrical machinery and transport equipment, and away from non-durables. We also find that the number of jobs involved (GVC jobs) is declining and increasingly carried out by high-skilled workers outside the manufacturing sector, highlighting the uneven distributional consequences of production fragmentation. The results show that a GVC perspective on competitiveness is needed to better inform the policy debates on globalization.
Mainly severe (CTCAE grade 3-4) haematotoxicity during peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is reported in literature due to major clinical impact, however moderate (CTCAE grade 2) ...haematotoxicity is common and could affect therapy management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the haematotoxicity course during PRRT and to compare baseline parameters between haematotoxicity grades.
In this retrospective study, 100 patients with a neuroendocrine tumour treated with PRRT were included. Patients were treated with an aimed number of four cycles with 7.4 GBq 177LuLu-DOTA-TATE administered every 10 weeks. Haematological assessment was performed at baseline and frequently up to 10 weeks after the fourth cycle. The lowest haematological value was graded according to CTCAE v5.0, and patients were classified using the highest observed grade. Differences in baseline parameters, including 68GaGa-DOTA-TATE positive tumour volume, were evaluated between CTCAE grades.
Four cycles were completed by 86/100 of patients, 4/100 patients discontinued due to haematotoxicity, and 10/100 patients due to progressive disease. The treatment course was adjusted due to haematotoxicity in 24/100 patients, including postponed next cycle (n = 17), reduced administered activity (n = 13), and both adjustments (n = 10). The most observed haematotoxicity grade was grade 0-1 in 54/100 patients, grade 2 in 38/100 and grade 3-4 in 8/100. Significant differences in baseline leucocyte, neutrophil and platelet counts were observed between grade 0-1 and grade 2. However, the correlation between baseline and lowest observed values was poor to moderate. No differences between haematotoxicity grades and baseline parameters or somatostatin receptor positive tumour volume was observed.
The incidence of severe haematotoxicity was low with extensive screening and monitoring. The vast majority of patients (96/100) was not restricted in treatment continuation by haematotoxicity; therefore, our selection criteria appeared appropriate for safe PRRT treatment. Baseline parameters showed limited correlation with the degree of decline in haematological values.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Functional specialisation in trade Timmer, Marcel P; Miroudot, Sébastien; de Vries, Gaaitzen J
Journal of economic geography,
01/2019, Letnik:
19, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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Abstract
Production processes are fragmenting across borders with countries trading tasks rather than products. Export statistics based on value added reveal a process of vertical specialisation. ...Yet, what do countries do when exporting? In this article, we provide novel evidence on functional specialisation (FS) in trade. We find surprisingly large and pervasive heterogeneity in specialisation across countries. A positive (negative) correlation between GDP per capita and specialisation in R&D (fabrication) functions is documented. Specialisation in management and marketing functions is unrelated to income. We show how our approach can be easily extended to study FS in trade at the sub-national level. We argue that this is needed to better understand the potential for regional development under global integration.
•We extend global input-output methods to analyze impact of foreign demand on Chinese employment.•During 1995–2001 increases in productivity offset growth in foreign demand so net effect on ...employment was nil.•Between 2001–2006 foreign demand added 70 million jobs, mainly for workers with only primary education.•Since 2006 growth in domestic demand for non-tradables has become most important source for job growth.
We analyze the impact of foreign demand on Chinese employment creation by extending the global input–output methodology introduced by Johnson and Noguera (2012). We find that between 1995 and 2001, fast growth in foreign demand was offset by strong increases in labor productivity and the net effect on employment was nil. Between 2001 and 2006, booming foreign demand added about 70 million jobs. These jobs were overridingly for workers with only primary education. Since 2006 growth in domestic demand for non-tradables has become more important for job creation than foreign demand, signaling a rebalancing of the Chinese economy.
Quantifying proteins based on peptide-coupled reporter ions is a multiplexed quantitative strategy in proteomics that alleviates the problem of ratio distortion caused by peptide cofragmentation, as ...commonly observed in other reporter-ion-based approaches, such as TMT and iTRAQ. Data-independent acquisition (DIA) is an attractive alternative to data-dependent acquisition (DDA) due to its better reproducibility. While multiplexed labeling is widely used in DDA, it is rarely used in DIA, presumably because current approaches lead to more complex MS2 spectra, severe ratio distortion, or to a reduction in quantification accuracy and precision. Herein, we present a versatile acetyl-alanine-glycine (Ac-AG) tag that conceals quantitative information in isobarically labeled peptides and reveals it upon tandem MS in the form of peptide-coupled reporter ions. Since the peptide-coupled reporter ion is precursor-specific while fragment ions of the peptide backbone originating from different labeling channels are identical, the Ac-AG tag is compatible with both DDA and DIA. By isolating the monoisotopic peak of the precursor ion in DDA, intensities of the peptide-coupled reporter ions represent the relative ratios between constituent samples, whereas in DIA, the ratio can be inferred after deconvoluting the peptide-coupled reporter ion isotopes. The proteome quantification capability of the Ac-AG tag was demonstrated by triplex labeling of a yeast proteome spiked with bovine serum albumin (BSA) over a 10-fold dynamic range. Within this complex proteomics background, BSA spiked at 1:5:10 ratios was detected at ratios of 1.00:4.87:10.13 in DDA and 1.16:5.20:9.64 in DIA.
Data-independent acquisition (DIA) is an increasingly used approach for quantitative proteomics. However, most current isotope labeling strategies are not suitable for DIA as they lead to more ...complex MS2 spectra or severe ratio distortion. As a result, DIA suffers from a lower throughput than data-dependent acquisition (DDA) due to a lower level of multiplexing. Herein, we synthesized an isotopically labeled acetyl-isoleucine-proline (Ac-IP) tag for multiplexed quantification in DIA. Differentially labeled peptides have distinct precursor ions carrying the quantitative information but identical MS2 spectra since the isotopically labeled Ac-Ile part leaves as a neutral loss upon collision-induced dissociation, while fragmentation of the peptide backbone generates regular fragment ions for identification. The Ac-IP-labeled samples can be analyzed using general DIA liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry settings, and the data obtained can be processed with established approaches. Relative quantification requires deconvolution of the isotope envelope of the respective precursor ions. Suitability of the Ac-IP tag is demonstrated with a triplex-labeled yeast proteome spiked with bovine serum albumin that was mixed at 10:5:1 ratios, resulting in measured ratios of 9.7:5.3:1.1.
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