Milk fat composition can be modulated by the inclusion of lipid supplements in ruminant diets. An interaction between the lipid supplement and the forage to concentrate ratio or the type of forage in ...the rations may affect milk fat composition. However, little is known about the effects of the starch-to-non-forage NDF ratio in the concentrate and lipid supplementation of goat diets. The aim of this work was to determine the role of dietary carbohydrates in goats rations supplemented with linseed oil on animal performance and milk fatty acid (FA) profile. A total of 16 dairy goats were allocated to two simultaneous experiments (two treatments each), in a crossover design with four animals per treatment and two experimental periods of 25 days. In both experiments alfalfa hay was the sole forage and the forage to concentrate ratio (33:67) remained constant. The concentrate in experiment 1 consisted of barley, maize and soybean meal (concentrate rich in starch), whereas it included soybean hulls replacing 25% of barley and 25% maize in experiment 2 (concentrate rich in NDF). As a result, the starch-to-non-forage NDF ratio was 3.1 in experiment 1 and it decreased to 0.8 in experiment 2. Both concentrates were administered either alone or in combination with 30 g/day of linseed oil. Animal performance parameters were not affected by experimental treatments. In contrast, major changes were observed in milk FA profile due to lipid supplementation and the type of concentrate. Linseed oil significantly raised vaccenic and rumenic acids as well as α-linolenic acid and its biohydrogenation intermediates while decreased medium-chain saturated FA (12:0 to 16:0) in milk fat. Milk fat contents of odd and branched-chain FA and trans-10 18:1 responded differently to linseed oil supplementation according to the concentrate fed.
Trans-10,cis-15 18:2 has been recently detected and characterized in digestive contents and meat and adipose tissue of ruminants, but its presence in milk and dairy products is hardly known. The aim ...of this study was to quantify trans-10,cis-15 18:2 in milk fat, better understand its metabolic origin, and help to elucidate the mechanisms of rumen biohydrogenation when the diet composition might affect ruminal environment. To address these objectives, 16 dairy goats were allocated to 2 simultaneous experiments (2 groups of goats and 2 treatments in each experiment). Experimental treatments consisted of basal diets with the same forage-to-concentrate ratio (33/67) and 2 starch-to-nonforage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratios (0.8 and 3.1), which were supplemented or not with 30 g/d of linseed oil for 25 d in a crossover design. Trans-10,cis-15 18:2 contents in milk fat were determined by gas chromatography fitted with an extremely polar capillary column (SLB-IL111). Levels of trans-10,cis-15 18:2 in individual milk fat samples ranged from 0 to 0.2% of total fatty acids, and its content in milk fat increased 8 fold due to linseed oil supplementation, substantiating the predominant role of α-linolenic acid in its formation. The trans-10,cis-15 18:2 levels in milk fat were similar in both experiments, despite the fact starch-to-nonforage NDF ratio of their respective basal diets greatly differed. In conclusion, trans-10,cis-15 18:2 was clearly related to linseed oil supplementation, and its increase in milk fat was comparable when the basal diets were rich in either nonforage NDF or starch.
A crossover experiment was designed to compare the effects of 2 ways of feeding linseed oil on milk fat fatty acid (FA) composition. Ten lactating goats, trained to keep competent their inborn ...reticular groove reflex, received a daily dose of linseed oil (38g/d) either with their solid (concentrate) feed (CON) or emulsified in skim milk and bottle-fed (BOT). Two groups of 5 goats received alternative and successively each of the treatments in two 15-d periods. α-Linolenic acid in milk fat rose up to 13.7% in the BOT versus 1.34% in the CON treatment. The n-6 to n-3 FA ratio was significantly reduced in goats receiving bottle-fed linseed oil (1.49 vs. 0.49). Contents of rumen biohydrogenation intermediates of dietary unsaturated FA were high in milk fat of goats under the CON treatment but low in those in the BOT treatment. These results point to a clear rumen bypass of the bottle-fed linseed oil. This strategy allows obtaining milk fat naturally very rich in n-3 FA and very low in trans FA. Translating this approach into practical farm conditions could enable farmers to produce milk enriched in specific FA.
SOLUCIONES ENDOVASCULARES ANTE ANEURISMAS ILÍACOS ANATÓMICAMENTE COMPLEJOS Resumen. Introducción. El tratamiento endovascular de aneurismas aortoilíacos es hoy un procedimiento rutinario. Pero, a ...pesar de grandes avances en el diseño y el tratamiento de los dispositivos, limitaciones anatómicas todavía impiden su utilización en muchos pacientes. En otros casos constituyen un desafío técnico potencialmente solucionable. Caso clínico. Varón de 70 años con antecedentes de injerto aortoaórtico por aneurisma de aorta abdominal infrarrenal seis años antes, desarrolla un crecimiento progresivo de sus arterias ilíacas comunes hasta 36 y 40 mm de diámetro. Presenta también un aneurisma hipogástrico izquierdo (30 mm) y aneurisma de arteria femoral común derecha (26 mm). Proximal al injerto aortoaórtico, nace una arteria polar inferior derecha. Los orígenes de ambas ilíacas comunes son estenóticos (10 y 8 mm) y ambas bifurcaciones ilíacas se encuentran dilatadas. Realizamos: dilatación transluminal del origen de la arteria ilíaca común izquierda, embolización del aneurisma hipogástrico izquierdo, implante de una endoprótesis aortomonoilíaca izquierda con anclaje proximal en el injerto aortoaórtico previo (preservando la arteria polar) y extensión a arteria ilíaca externa, injerto femorofemoral ipsilateral corto sustituyendo el aneurisma femoral derecho, implante de stent recubierto desde la arteria ilíaca externa hasta la hipogástrica derechas para preservar el flujo pélvico directo e injerto femorofemoral izquierda-derecha. Se consigue el sellado completo de los aneurismas y una adecuada perfusión de la arteria hipogástrica derecha, con buena evolución del paciente. Conclusión. La anatomía compleja de este caso requería un diseño imaginativo e individualizado del procedimiento. El desarrollo tecnológico ofrece cada vez más posibilidades de tratamiento endovascular en aneurismas aortoilíacos progresivamente más complejos. ANGIOLOGÍA 2008; 60: 37-41
EVALUACIÓN DE LA PROTEÍNA C REACTIVA, ALFΑ1-ANTITRIPSINA Y LIPOPROTEÍNA(A) COMO POTENCIALES MARCADORES BIOLÓGICOS ASOCIADOS AL CRECIMIENTO DEL ANEURISMA DE AORTA ABDOMINAL Resumen Introducción. ...Actualmente, la valoración del aneurisma de aorta abdominal (AAA) infrarrenal asintomático se realiza únicamente con pruebas de imagen seriadas. Buscamos un marcador plasmático útil como indicador de la actividad del AAA y potencial valor pronóstico. Pacientes y métodos. Obtuvimos muestras de sangre periférica de 35 pacientes con AAA (13 AAA 30–39 mm; 11 40–49 mm; 11 > = 50 mm) y 35 controles. Determinamos la concentración plasmática de proteína C reactiva (PCR), alfα1-antitripsina y lipoproteína(a). Registramos: datos clínicos, diámetro aórtico (ecografía/TC) en el momento de la extracción y crecimiento del AAA en el año previo. Analizamos la correlación entre cada proteína y el diámetro y crecimiento aórticos con los tests de Mann–Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman y regresión lineal. Resultados. Los pacientes eran mayoritariamente varones (n = 33; 94,3%), con edad 71 ± 6,8 (54–83) años. El diámetro del AAA (n = 35) era 45 ± 12 (30–71) mm, con crecimiento (n = 25) 3,1 ± 3,1 (0–10) mm/año previo. Las tres proteínas presentaban concentraciones mayores en los pacientes que los controles: PCR 4,1 (1,9-7,3) frente a 1,9 (0,5-4,9) mg/L (p = 0,026); alfα1-antitripsina 147 (131–168) frente a 125,5 (113,8-135,5) mg/dL (p < 0,0001); lipoproteína(a) 47 (20–117,5) frente a 27 (9–47) mg/dL (p = 0,022). Encontramos correlaciones positivas PCR-diámetro AAA (r = 0,46; p = 0,007) y alfα1-antitripsina-crecimiento AAA (r = 0,55; p = 0,004), sin correlación entre lipoproteína(a)-diámetro/crecimiento AAA (p > 0,52). Las concentraciones de PCR estaban influidas por la toma de estatinas (p = 0,036). No existían correlaciones en los controles para ninguno de los marcadores (p > 0,22). Conclusiones. La alfα1-antitripsina parece prometedora como marcador biológico de la actividad del AAA. La PCR muestra correlación con el tamaño del AAA, pero se ve influida por las estatinas. Se descarta la utilidad de la lipoproteína(a). ANGIOLOGÍA 2009; 61:119–31
COMPLICACIONES VASCULARES SECUNDARIAS A LA ADMINISTRACIÓN PARENTERAL DE DROGAS DE ABUSO Resumen. Introducción. La administración parenteral de drogas de abuso puede generar complicaciones arteriales ...y venosas, que pueden afectar a la extremidad, e incluso a la vida del paciente. Casos clínicos. Caso 1: varón, 36 años, VIH+, VHC+. Tras inyección intraarterial de benzodiacepinas, refiere dolor brusco, cianosis y disminución de sensibilidad y motilidad en territorio radial de la mano izquierda. Con diagnóstico de necrosis isquémica irreversible, se practica amputación en tercio distal de antebrazo. Caso 2: mujer, 24 años, VHC+. Presenta tumoración pulsátil con hemorragia activa en flexura de codo izquierdo secundaria a arteriopunción de heroína. Se realiza exclusión del pseudoaneurisma roto, con amplio desbridamiento, y reconstrucción de la arteria humeral mediante parche de vena safena interna. Se aísla Staphylococcus aureus en el trombo extraído, y se complementa el tratamiento con antibioterapia específica. Caso 3: varón, 38 años, VIH+, VHC+. Refiere cuadro brusco de dolor, cianosis y disminución de sensibilidad y motilidad en territorio radial de mano izquierda, secundario a inyección intraarterial de heroína más cocaína. A pesar de intentar delimitar las lesiones con anticoagulación y prostaglandinas intravenosas, sufre necrosis isquémica irreversible, precisando amputación en tercio distal de antebrazo. Caso 4: varón, 40 años, VIH+, VHC+. Tras venopunción de cocaína, presenta dolor y edema en la extremidad inferior izquierda asociado a fiebre. Se diagnostica trombosis venosa profunda séptica iliofemoral, que se trata con anticoagulación sistémica y antibioterapia. Conclusiones. La inyección de drogas de abuso produce un espectro variable de afectación vascular, habitualmente en pacientes jóvenes y frecuentemente con infección asociada. Las posibilidades terapéuticas deben ser individualizadas. ANGIOLOGÍA 2008; 60:199-204
The purpose of this work is to fabricate self-assembled microstructures by the sol-gel method and study the morphological, structural and compositional dependence of -Fe
2
O
3
nanoparticles embedded ...in silica when glycerol (GLY) and cetyl-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) are added as steric agents simultaneously. The combined action of a polyalcohol and a surfactant significantly modifies the morphology of the sample giving rise to a different microstructure in each of the studied cases (1, 3 and 7 days of magnetic stirring time). This is due to the fact that the addition of these two compounds leads to a considerable increase in gelation time as GLY can interact with the alkoxide group on the surface of the iron oxide precursor micelle and/or be incorporated into the hydrophilic chains of CTAB. This last effect causes the iron oxide precursor micelles to be interconnected forming aggregates whose size and structure depend on the magnetic stirring time of the sol-gel synthetic route. In this paper, crystalline structure, composition, purity and morphology of the sol-gel coatings densified at 960 °C are examined. Emphasis is placed on the nominal percentage of the different iron oxides found in the samples and on the morphological and structural differences. This work implies the possibility of patterning -Fe
2
O
3
nanoparticles in coatings and controlling their purity by an easy one-pot sol-gel method.
Sol-gel synthesis of self-assembled iron oxide precursor micelles.
In this work, we present a sol–gel synthesis of ε-Fe2O3 nano and microparticles stabilized in silica thin films. Thanks to the relatively high size of the synthesized particles, we have been able to ...discriminate the Raman signal of the ε- and α-Fe2O3 phases, thus presenting the first Confocal Raman Microscopy study of isolated ε-Fe2O3 particles. The vibrational modes of each phase are identified at room temperature. The phase transition from ε- to α-Fe2O3 and the morphological modifications are analyzed as a function of the in situ output laser power. A complete study of the Raman spectra for ε-Fe2O3 particles has been performed for a wide range of temperatures (80–570 K). The phonon frequencies and line widths show a behavior in which the contributions from lattice thermal expansion and anharmonic interactions have to be considered. We have also identified a two-magnon mode in the ε-Fe2O3 phase. Its intensity increases close to the Néel transition (TN) and persists well above it. This observation could be one of the few experimental examples of a paramagnon, i.e., a magnetic excitation in a paramagnetic state.
The social environment can influence the functional capacity of nervous and immune systems, and consequently the state of health, especially in aged individuals. Adult female tyrosine hydroxylase ...haploinsufficient (TH-HZ) mice exhibit behavioral impairments, premature immunosenescence and oxidative- inflammatory stress. All these deteriorations are associated with a lower lifespan than wild type (WT) counterparts. The aim was to analyze whether the cohabitation with WT animals could revert or at least ameliorate the deterioration in the nervous and immune systems that female TH-HZ mice show at adult age. Female TH-HZ and WT mice at age of 3–4 weeks were divided into following groups: control TH-HZ (5 TH-HZ mice in the cage; TH-HZ100%), control WT (5 WT mice in the cage; WT100%), TH-HZ > 50% and WT < 50% (5 TH-HZ with 2 WT mice in each cage) as well as TH-HZ < 50% and WT > 50% (2 TH-HZ and 5 WT mice in each cage). At the age of 37–38 weeks, all mice were submitted to a battery of behavioral tests, evaluating sensorimotor abilities, exploratory capacities and anxiety-like behaviors. Subsequently, peritoneal leukocytes were extracted and several immune functions as well as oxidative and inflammatory stress parameters were analyzed. The results showed that the TH-HZ < 50% group had improved behavioral responses, especially anxiety-like behaviors, and the immunosenescence and oxidative stress of their peritoneal leukocytes were ameliorated. However, WT mice that cohabited with TH-HZ mice presented higher anxiety-like behaviors and deterioration in immune functions and in their inflammatory stress parameters. Thus, this social environment is capable of ameliorating the impairments associated with a haploinsufficiency of the
th
gene.
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