Stakeholders' interactions with environmental resources are influenced by their mental models of the socio-ecological system of the environmental resource. Individual differences in such mental ...models are particularly important to identify, as diverse mental models may be associated with different behaviour or policy preferences and affect collaborative conservation efforts. In the present work, we explore stakeholders' mental models of a socio-ecological system and assess content and complexity differences across fishing experience levels, migration status, and regions. We mapped Tanzanian fishers' (N = 185) mental models of the drivers of the Nile perch stock fluctuation at Lake Victoria. The findings show that (1) fishers’ mental models were complex and diverse, (2) mental models focused on the causal influence of destructive fishing activities, (3) mental model complexity, but not content, varied across regions, and (4) fishing experience and migration status were not consistently related to mental model complexity or content. These results have important implications for environmental resource management at Lake Victoria.
•We map Tanzanian fishers' mental models of the Nile perch fish stock fluctuation.•Fishers' mental models are complex and diverse.•Fishers' mental models focus on the causal influence of destructive fishing activities.•Mental model complexity — but not content — differs across regions.•Fishing experience and migration status do not consistently predict mental model content or complexity.
In-band full-duplex (FD) wireless, i.e., simultaneous transmission and reception at the same frequency, introduces strong self-interference (SI) that masks the signal to be received. This paper ...proposes a receiver in which a copy of the transmit signal is fed through a switched-resistor vector modulator (VM) that provides simultaneous downmixing, phase shift, and amplitude scaling and subtracts it in the analog baseband for up to 27 dB SI-cancellation. Cancelling before active baseband amplification avoids self-blocking, and highly linear mixers keep SI-induced distortion low, for a receiver SI-to-noise-and-distortion-ratio (SINDR) of up to 71.5 dB in 16.25 MHz BW. When combined with a two-port antenna with only 20 dB isolation, the low RX distortion theoretically allows sufficient digital cancellation for over 90 dB link budget, sufficient for short-range, low-power FD links.
In the four years following the first detection of ranavirus (genus Ranavirus, family Iridoviridae) infection in Dutch wildlife in 2010, amphibian mortality events were investigated nationwide to ...detect, characterize and map ranaviruses in amphibians over time, and to establish the affected host species and the clinico-pathological presentation of the disease in these hosts. The ultimate goal was to obtain more insight into ranavirus disease emergence and ecological risk. In total 155 dead amphibians from 52 sites were submitted between 2011 and 2014, and examined using histopathology, immunohistochemistry, virus isolation and molecular genetic characterization. Ranavirus-associated amphibian mortality events occurred at 18 sites (35%), initially only in proximity of the 2010 index site. Specimens belonging to approximately half of the native amphibian species were infected, including the threatened Pelobates fuscus (spadefoot toad). Clustered massive outbreaks involving dead adult specimens and ranavirus genomic identity indicated that one common midwife toad virus (CMTV)-like ranavirus strain is emerging in provinces in the north of the Netherlands. Modelling based on the spatiotemporal pattern of spread showed a high probability that this emerging virus will continue to be detected at new sites (the discrete reproductive power of this outbreak is 0.35). Phylogenetically distinct CMTV-like ranaviruses were found in the south of the Netherlands more recently. In addition to showing that CMTV-like ranaviruses threaten wild amphibian populations not only in Spain but also in the Netherlands, the current spread and risk of establishment reiterate that understanding the underlying causes of CMTV-like ranavirus emergence requires international attention.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
All‐solid‐state Li‐ion batteries based on Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) garnet structures require novel electrode assembly strategies to guarantee a proper Li+ transfer at the electrode–electrolyte interfaces. ...Here, first stable cell performances are reported for Li‐garnet, c‐Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12, all‐solid‐state batteries running safely with a full ceramics setup, exemplified with the anode material Li4Ti5O12. Novel strategies to design an enhanced Li+ transfer at the electrode–electrolyte interface using an interface‐engineered all‐solid‐state battery cell based on a porous garnet electrolyte interface structure, in which the electrode material is intimately embedded, are presented. The results presented here show for the first time that all‐solid‐state Li‐ion batteries with LLZO electrolytes can be reversibly charge–discharge cycled also in the low potential ranges (≈1.5 V) for combinations with a ceramic anode material. Through a model experiment, the interface between the electrode and electrolyte constituents is systematically modified revealing that the interface engineering helps to improve delivered capacities and cycling properties of the all‐solid‐state Li‐ion batteries based on garnet‐type cubic LLZO structures.
The interface engineered all‐solid‐state batteries of c‐Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12 deliver reduced resistance values and enhanced electrochemical properties. A reversible charge–discharge behavior can be obtained with Li4Ti5O12 showing for the first time that all‐solid‐state batteries with Li7La3Zr2O12 solid electrolytes can be reversibly cycled in lower potential ranges (≈1.5 V) with anode materials.
All-solid-state batteries provide new opportunities to realize safe, non-flammable, and temperature-tolerant energy storage and display a huge potential to be the core of future energy storage ...devices, especially in applications where energy density is key to the technology. Garnet-type solid-state electrolytes based on cubic Li
7
La
3
Zr
2
O
12
possess one of the highest Li
+
conductivities, a wider electrochemical stability window compared to liquid electrolytes, and exceptional chemical and thermal stabilities among various solid electrolytes. Most of the first reports, however, employ lithium metal as the anode with unavoidable Li-dendrite formation through polycrystalline Li-garnet electrolytes at current densities above 0.5 mA cm
−2
. Accordingly, alternative materials and processing strategies for anodes or interlayers are inherently needed for high currents and fast charging for Li-garnet-type battery integration. Here, we demonstrate, through the use of a composite anode based on antimony nanocrystals, that metalloids offer high and stable storage capacities of up to 330 mA h g
−1
for Li-garnet all-solid-state batteries at reasonably high current densities (
e.g.
240 mA g
−1
) at 95 °C. The results are also compared towards standard liquid type electrolytes and reveal high coulombic efficiencies and improved cycle stability for the solid-state cell design. Guidelines and aspects to process alternative materials and impact the interface design towards fast lithium charge transfer between the metalloid and the Li-garnet electrolyte are formulated. The architecture and scalable processing of metalloid-based batteries are obvious advantages of this work, opening a promising avenue to avoid Li-dendrite formation at high current loads in garnet-type all-solid-state rechargeable batteries.
All-solid-state batteries provide new opportunities to realize safe, non-flammable, and temperature-tolerant energy storage and display a huge potential to be the core of future energy storage devices.
A variety of mammals suppress reproduction when they experience poor physical condition or environmental harshness. In many marine mammal species, reproductive impairment has been correlated to ...polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), the most frequently measured chemical pollutants, while the relative importance of other factors remains understudied. We investigate whether reproductively active females abandon investment in their foetus when conditions are poor, exemplified using an extensively studied cetacean species; the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Data on disease, fat and muscle mass and diet obtained from necropsies in The Netherlands were used as proxies of health and nutritional status and related to pregnancy and foetal growth. This was combined with published life history parameters for 16 other areas to correlate to parameters reflecting environmental condition: mean energy density of prey constituting diets (MEDD), cumulative human impact and PCB contamination. Maternal nutritional status had significant effects on foetal size and females in poor health had lower probabilities of being pregnant and generally did not sustain pregnancy throughout gestation. Pregnancy rates across the Northern Hemisphere were best explained by MEDD. We demonstrate the importance of having undisturbed access to prey with high energy densities in determining reproductive success and ultimately population size for small cetaceans.
Background
In Warmblood horses, degenerative joint disease is involved in cervical malformation and malarticulation (CVM). The degree of contribution of articular process joint (APJ) osteochondrosis ...(OC) is not clear.
Objectives
(a) To explore the presence of predilection sites for APJ OC in cervical and cranial thoracic vertebral columns of Warmblood foals and (b) to examine the correlation of such a site with the predilection site of CVM.
Study design
Case series.
Methods
Seven hundred APJ facets of C2 to T2 of 29 foals (11 months gestation to 12 months median age 7 days; range 365 days; 95% confidence interval 95% CI 2‐47 days) were examined for OC and prevalence between joints, and the predilection site for CVM and the cranial cervical vertebral column were evaluated.
Results
About 20.6% of facets revealed OC. There was no predilection site. Prevalence decreased with age up to 1 year (odds ratio OR 0.997; (95% CI 0.975‐0.998)) but not up to 5 months. Severity increased with age in all age ranges (up to 1 year OR 1.023; 95% CI 1.005‐1.049; >1‐5 months, OR 1.203; 95% CI 1.014e+00‐1.921; up to 1 month, OR 1.114; 95% CI 1.041‐1.228). Highest prevalence was in cranial facets of the cervical and cervical‐thoracic joints and in caudal facets of the thoracic joint up to 1 year and up to 1 month (OR 0.364; 95% CI 0.170‐0.745, OR 0.434; 95% CI: 0.235‐0.782, OR 7.665; 95% CI: 1.615‐66.553 and OR 0.400; 95% CI 0.170‐0.880, OR 0.351; 95% CI 0.172‐0.700, OR 5.317; 95% CI 1.098‐44.344 respectively).
Main limitations
Two‐thirds of the foals were less than 1 month of age.
Conclusions
Articular process joint OC in Warmblood foals is common and is not more prevalent at CVM predilection sites, suggesting that abnormalities of enchondral ossification may not be major contributors to CVM.
Background
Treatment of Malassezia pachydermatis dermatitis can be performed by systemic or topical route. As M. pachydermatis is located on the stratum corneum, topical therapy alone may be ...sufficient to resolve the infection. Owing to systemic antifungal resistance and adverse effects, topical treatment alone may improve treatment outcome.
Hypothesis/Objectives
To evaluate the efficacy of a topical spray composed of sodium benzoate, alcohol and botanical oils, compared to a shampoo containing 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and 2% miconazole nitrate for the treatment of Malassezia pachydermaitis dermatitis in dogs.
Animals
Sixteen client owned dogs diagnosed with symmetrical interdigital lesions as a result of secondary Malassezia dermatitis.
Methods
The study design was prospective, randomised and single‐blinded, using a split body protocol. Malassezia yeasts were determined by cytology at the inclusion day (day0) and after treatment (day14). All dogs were treated during 14 days with both shampoo at one paw and spray on the other paw.
Results
At day 14 a reduction of Malassezia dermatitis was shown at both paws. No statistical difference was demonstrated between treatment with shampoo or spray.
Conclusions and clinical importance
We could not show a difference in efficacy between application of the test spray once daily and the topical use of 2%miconazole/2%chlorhexidine shampoo every other day. No adverse effects were reported.
Résumé
Contexte – Le traitement de la dermatite à Malassezia peut être réalisé par voie systémique ou topique. Comme M. pachydermatis est situé sur la couche cornée, un traitement topique seul peut suffire à résoudre l'infection. En raison de résistance antifongique systémique et d’effets indésirables, le traitement topique seul peut améliorer les résultats du traitement.
Hypothèses/Objectifs – Évaluer l'efficacité d'un spray topique composé de benzoate de sodium, d'alcool et d'huiles végétales, par rapport à un shampooing contenant 2 % de gluconate de chlorhexidine et 2 % de nitrate de miconazole pour le traitement de la dermatite à Malassezia chez le chien.
Animaux – Seize chiens appartenant à des clients ont reçu un diagnostic de lésions interdigitées symétriques à la suite d'une dermatite à Malassezia secondaire.
Méthodes ‐ La conception de l'étude était prospective, randomisée et en simple aveugle. Les levures Malassezia ont été évaluées par cytologie au jour de l'inclusion (jour0) et après traitement (jour14). Tous les chiens ont été traités pendant 14 jours avec du shampooing sur une patte et un spray sur l'autre patte.
Résultats – Au jour 14, une réduction de la dermatite à Malassezia a été observée aux deux pattes. Aucune différence statistique n'a été mise en évidence entre le traitement shampooing ou spray.
Conclusions et importance clinique – Nous n'avons pas pu montrer de différence d'efficacité entre l'application du spray test une fois par jour et l'utilisation topique du shampooing 2%miconazole/2%chlorhexidine tous les deux jours. Aucun effet indésirable n'a été signalé.
Resumen
Introducción‐ el tratamiento de la dermatitis por Malassezia pachydermatis se puede realizar por vía sistémica o tópica. Como M. pachydermatis se encuentra en el estrato córneo, la terapia tópica sola puede ser suficiente para resolver la infección. Debido a la resistencia antifúngica sistémica y los efectos adversos, el tratamiento tópico podría mejorar los resultados terapeúticos.
Hipótesis/Objetivos – Evaluar la eficacia de un spray tópico compuesto por Benzoato de Sodio, alcohol y aceites botánicos, en comparación con un champú que contiene gluconato de clorhexidina al 2% y nitrato de miconazol al 2% para el tratamiento de la dermatitis por M. Paquydermatis en perros.
Animales‐ dieciséis perros de propietarios particulares diagnosticados con lesiones interdigitales simétricas como resultado de una dermatitis secundaria por Malassezia.
Métodos‐ el diseño del estudio fue prospectivo, al azar y simple ciego, utilizando un protocolo de cuerpo dividido. La presencia de levaduras Malassezia se determinó mediante citología el día de inclusión (día 0) y después del tratamiento (día 14). Todos los perros fueron tratados durante 14 días con champú en una pata y spray en la otra pata.
Resultados‐ en el día 14 se mostró una reducción de la dermatitis por Malassezia en ambas patas. No se demostró diferencia estadística entre el tratamiento con champú o spray.
Conclusiones e importancia clínica‐ no pudimos demostrar una diferencia en la eficacia entre la aplicación del aerosol a prueba una vez al día y el uso tópico de champú con miconazol al 2%/clorhexidina al 2% en días alternos. No se detectaron efectos adversos.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund – Die Behandlung einer Malassezia pachydermatis Dermatitis kann mittels systemischer oder topischer Behandlungsroute erfolgen. Da sich M. pachydermatis am Stratum corneum befindet, kann eine topische Therapie alleine genügen, um die Infektion zu behandeln. Aufgrund systemischer antimykotischer Resistenz und Nebenwirkungen, kann eine topische Behandlung allein den Behandlungserfolg verbessern.
Hypothese/Ziele – Eine Evaluierung der Wirksamkeit eines topischen Sprays aus Natriumbenzoat, Alkohol und botanischen Ölen, im Vergleich zu einem Shampoo mit 2% Chlorhexidinglukonat und 2% Mikonazolnitrat für die Behandlung einer Malassezia pachydermatis Dermatitis bei Hunden.
Tiere – Sechzehn Hunde in Privatbesitz mit symmetrischen interdigitalen Veränderungen, was das Resultat einer sekundären Malassezia Dermatitis war.
Methoden – Es wurde ein prospektives, randomisiertes und einzel‐blindes Studiendesign angelegt, wobei ein geteiltes Körperprotokoll angewendet wurde. Malassezia Hefepilze wurden mittels Zytologie am Anfangstag (Tag 0) und nach der Behandlung (Tag 14) erfasst. Alle Hunde wurden während der 14 Tage sowohl mit Shampoo an einer Pfote als auch mittels Spray an der anderen Pfote behandelt.
Ergebnisse – Am Tag 14 zeigte sich eine Reduktion der Malassezia Dermatitis an beiden Pfoten. Es konnte kein statistischer Unterschied zwischen der Behandlung mit Shampoo oder Spray gezeigt werden.
Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Bedeutung – Wir konnten keinen Unterschied zwischen der einmal täglichen Verabreichung des Testsprays und der topischen Anwendung des 2%Mikonazol/2% Chlorhexidinshampoos jeden zweiten Tag zeigen. Es wurden keine Nebenwirkungen beschrieben.
要約
背景 – マラセチア皮膚炎の治療には、全身投与薬や外用薬が使用される。M. pachydermatisは角質層に存在するため、外用療法のみで十分な治癒が得られる可能性がある。また、全身性抗真菌剤耐性や副作用の問題から。外用療法のみでも治療成績が向上する可能性がある。
仮説・目的 – 本研究の目的は、犬のマラセチア皮膚炎に対する安息香酸ナトリウム、アルコール、植物油からなる外用スプレーの効果を、2%クロルヘキシジングルコン酸塩および2%ミコナゾール硝酸塩含有シャンプーと比較して評価することであった。
供試動物 ‐ 二次性マラセチア皮膚炎により左右対称性の趾間病変と診断されたオーナー所有犬16頭。
方法 ‐ 研究デザインは、プロスペクティブ、無作為化、単盲検、スプリットボディプロトコルを使用した。マラセチア酵母は、投与開始日(0日目)および投与後(14日目)に細胞診にて測定した。すべての犬に14日間、片足にシャンプー、もう片足にスプレーの両方を投与した。
結果 ‐ 14日目には、両方の足でマラセチア皮膚炎の減少が見られた。シャンプーまたはスプレー処置間に統計的な差は見られなかった。
結論および臨床的重要性 ‐ 試験用スプレーを 1 日 1 回使用した場合と 2%ミコナゾール/2%クロルヘキシジンシャンプーを 1 日おきに外用した場合の有効性に差は認められなかった。また、副作用も報告されなかった。
摘要
背景‐可通过全身或外部治疗厚皮马拉色菌皮炎。由于厚皮马拉色菌位于角质层上，单独外用治疗可能足以解决感染。由于全身抗真菌耐药性和不良反应，单独外部治疗可能改善治疗结局。
假设/目的‐评价由苯甲酸钠、酒精和植物油组成的外用喷雾剂，与含有2%葡萄糖酸氯己定和2%硝酸咪康唑的香波相比，治疗犬厚皮马拉色菌皮炎的疗效。
动物‐16只私家犬被诊断为继发性马拉色菌皮炎导致的对称性趾间病变。
方法‐研究设计为前瞻性、随机和单盲研究，使用分离体方案。在入选日(第0天)和治疗后(第14天)通过细胞学测定马拉色菌酵母菌。所有犬均在14天内一只爪用香波，另一只爪喷雾治疗。
结果‐在第14天，两爪均显示马拉色菌皮炎减少。使用香波或喷雾剂治疗之间没有统计学差异。
结论和临床重要性–每天使用一次试验喷雾剂，与隔天外用2%咪康唑/2%氯己定香波相比，我们没有发现两者疗效存在差异。未报告不良反应。
Resumo
Contexto – O tratamento da dermatite por Malassezia pachydermatis pode ser realizado por via sistêmica ou tópica. Como a M. pachydermatis fica localizada no estrato córneo, a terapia tópica unicamente pode ser suficiente para resolver a infecção. Devido à resistência antifúngica e aos efeitos adversos, terapia tópica em monoterapia pode melhorar o resultado do tratamento.
Hipótese/Objetivos – Avaliar a eficácia de um spray tópico contendo benzoato de sódio, álcool e óleos botânicos, comparado a um shampoo de gluconato de clorexidina a 2% e nitrato de miconazol a 2% para o tratamento de dermatite por Malassezia pachydermaitis em cães.
Animais – Dezesseis cães de clientes diagnosticados com lesões interdigitais simétricas resultantes de infecção secundária por Malassezia.
Métodos – O delineamento do estudo foi prospectivo, randomizado e simples‐cego, utilizando um protocolo de corpo dividido. As leveduras identificadas como Malassezia foram determinadas por citologia no dia da inclusão (dia 0) e após o tratamento (dia 14). Todos os cães foram tratados por 14 dias com shampoo em uma pata e spray na outra.
Resultados – No dia 14, observou‐se um declínio na dermatite por Malassezia em ambas as patas. Não houve diferença estatística entre o tratamento com shampoo ou spray.
Conclusões e importância clínica – Não pudemos encontrar diferenças na eficácia entre a aplicação do spray teste uma vez ao dia e o uso tópico de um shampoo contendo 2%miconazol/2%clorexidine em dias alternados. Não foram relatados efeitos adversos.
Background – Treatment of Malassezia pachydermatis dermatitis can be performed by systemic or topical route. As M. pachydermatis is located on the stratum corneum, topical therapy alone may be sufficient to resolve the infection. Owing to systemic antifungal resistance and adverse effects, topical treatment alone may improve treatment outcome. Hypothesis/Objectives – To evaluate the efficacy of a topical spray composed of Sodium Benzoate, alcohol and botanical oils, compared to a shampoo containing 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and 2% miconazole nitrate for the treatment of Malassezia pachydermatis dermatitis in dogs. Conclusions and clinical importance – We could not show a difference in efficacy between application of the test spray once daily and the topical use of 2%miconazole/2%chlorhexidine shampoo every other day. No adverse effects were reported.
The transmission rate per hour between hosts is a key parameter for simulating transmission dynamics of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and might differ for antibiotic resistance genes, animal ...species, and antibiotic usage. We conducted a Bayesian meta-analysis of resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) transmission in broilers and piglets to obtain insight in factors determining the transmission rate, infectious period, and reproduction ratio. We included blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-2, blaOXA-162, catA1, mcr-1, and fluoroquinolone resistant E. coli. The Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) transmission rate in broilers without antibiotic treatment ranged from 0.4∙10−3 to 2.5∙10−3 depending on type of broiler (SPF vs conventional) and inoculation strains. For piglets, the MAP in groups without antibiotic treatment were between 0.7∙10−3 and 0.8∙10−3, increasing to 0.9∙10−3 in the group with antibiotic treatment. In groups without antibiotic treatment, the transmission rate of resistant E. coli in broilers was almost twice the transmission rate in piglets. Amoxicillin increased the transmission rate of E. coli carrying blaCTX-M-2 by three-fold. The MAP infectious period of resistant E. coli in piglets with and without antibiotics is between 971 and 1065 hours (40 – 43 days). The MAP infectious period of resistant E. coli in broiler without antibiotics is between 475 and 2306 hours (20 – 96 days). The MAP infectious period of resistant E. coli in broiler with antibiotics is between 2702 and 3462 hours (113 – 144 days) which means a lifelong colonization. The MAP basic reproduction ratio in piglets of infection with resistant E. coli when using antibiotics is 27.70, which is higher than MAP in piglets without antibiotics between 15.65 and 18.19. The MAP basic reproduction ratio in broilers ranges between 3.46 and 92.38. We consider three possible explanations for our finding that in the absence of antibiotics the transmission rate is higher among broilers than among piglets: i) due to the gut microbiome of animals, ii) fitness costs of bacteria, and iii) differences in experimental set-up between the studies. Regarding infectious period and reproduction ratio, the effect of the resistance gene, antibiotic treatment, and animal species are inconclusive due to limited data.
Spatial interference rejection in analog adaptive beamforming receivers can improve the distortion performance of the circuits following the beamforming network, but is susceptible to the ...nonlinearity of the beamforming network itself. This paper presents an analysis of intermodulation product cancellation in analog active phased array receivers and verifies the distortion improvement in a four-element adaptive beamforming receiver for low-power applications in the 1.0-2.5-GHz frequency band. In this architecture, a constant-Gm vector modulator is proposed that produces an accurate equidistance square constellation, leading to a sliced frontend design that is duplicated for each antenna element. By moving the transconductances to RF, a fourfold reduction in power is achieved, while simultaneously providing input impedance matching. The 65-nm implementation consumes between 6.5 and 9 mW per antenna element and shows a +1 to +20 dBm in-band and out-of-beam third-order intercept point due to intermodulation distortion reduction.
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