Abstract Objectives To evaluate dynamic stability index (DSI) differences between males and females for different jump directions. To examine both preseason DSI differences between players with and ...without a history of ankle sprain, and between players with and without an ankle sprain during the subsequent season. Design Prospective cohort design. Setting Laboratory. Participants 47 male (22.9 ± 3.9 y) and 19 female (21.5 ± 2.9 y) sub-elite and elite team sport players. Main outcome measures Ankle sprain history was collected using an injury history questionnaire. DSI of a single-leg hop-stabilization task measured preseason was collected using force plates and calculated using a Matlab program. Ankle sprains were reported during the subsequent season. Results Male players demonstrated larger DSI than female players on forward medial/lateral stability index (MLSI) and vertical stability index (VSI), diagonal VSI, and lateral anterior/posterior stability index (APSI) and VSI. Forward, diagonal and lateral dynamic postural stability indices (DPSI) were larger for males (p < 0.001). No significant differences were found between players with and without a previous ankle sprain nor between players with and without an ankle sprain during the subsequent season. Conclusion Male players showed larger DSI scores than female players, indicating lower dynamic stability. Sex-specific training sessions or prevention programs should be developed.
IL-33 is a proinflammatory cytokine thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A recent clinical trial using an anti-IL-33 antibody showed ...a reduction in exacerbation and improved lung function in ex-smokers but not current smokers with COPD.
This study aimed to understand the effects of smoking status on IL-33.
We investigated the association of smoking status with the level of gene expression of
in the airways in eight independent transcriptomic studies of lung airways. Additionally, we performed Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry for IL-33 in lung tissue to assess protein levels.
Across the bulk RNA-sequencing datasets,
gene expression and its signaling pathway were significantly lower in current versus former or never-smokers and increased upon smoking cessation (
< 0.05). Single-cell sequencing showed that
is predominantly expressed in resting basal epithelial cells and decreases during the differentiation process triggered by smoke exposure. We also found a higher transitioning of this cellular subpopulation into a more differentiated cell type during chronic smoking, potentially driving the reduction of
. Protein analysis demonstrated lower IL-33 levels in lung tissue from current versus former smokers with COPD and a lower proportion of IL-33-positive basal cells in current versus ex-smoking controls.
We provide strong evidence that cigarette smoke leads to an overall reduction in IL-33 expression in transcriptomic and protein level, and this may be due to the decrease in resting basal cells. Together, these findings may explain the clinical observation that a recent antibody-based anti-IL-33 treatment is more effective in former than current smokers with COPD.
