During the 2016 election, a new term entered the mainstream American political lexicon: "alt-right," short for "alternative right." Despite the innocuous name, the alt-right is a white-nationalist ...movement. Yet it differs from earlier racist groups: it is youthful and tech savvy, obsessed with provocation and trolling, amorphous, predominantly online, and mostly anonymous. And it was energized by Donald Trump's presidential campaign. InMaking Sense of the Alt-Right, George Hawley provides an accessible introduction and gives vital perspective on the emergence of a group whose overt racism has confounded expectations for a more tolerant America.Hawley explains the movement's origins, evolution, methods, and core belief in white-identity politics. The book explores how the alt-right differs from traditional white nationalism, libertarianism, and other online illiberal ideologies such as neoreaction, as well as from mainstream Republicans and even Donald Trump and Steve Bannon. The alt-right's use of offensive humor and its trolling-driven approach, based in animosity to so-called political correctness, can make it difficult to determine true motivations. Yet through exclusive interviews and a careful study of the alt-right's influential texts, Hawley is able to paint a full picture of a movement that not only disagrees with liberalism but also fundamentally rejects most of the tenets of American conservatism. Hawley points to the alt-right's growing influence and makes a case for coming to a precise understanding of its beliefs without sensationalism or downplaying the movement's radicalism.
Anatomy of a Civil War demonstrates the destructive nature of war, ranging from the physical to the psychosocial, as well as war’s detrimental effects on the environment. Despite such horrific ...aspects, evidence suggests that civil war is likely to generate multilayered outcomes. To examine the transformative aspects of civil war, Mehmet Gurses draws on an original survey conducted in Turkey, where a Kurdish armed group, the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), has been waging an intermittent insurgency for Kurdish self-rule since 1984. Findings from a probability sample of 2,100 individuals randomly selected from three major Kurdish-populated provinces in the eastern part of Turkey, coupled with insights from face-to-face in-depth interviews with dozens of individuals affected by violence, provide evidence for the multifaceted nature of exposure to violence during civil war. Just as the destructive nature of war manifests itself in various forms and shapes, wartime experiences can engender positive attitudes toward women, create a culture of political activism, and develop secular values at the individual level. In addition, wartime experiences seem to robustly predict greater support for political activism. Nonetheless, changes in gender relations and the rise of a secular political culture appear to be primarily shaped by wartime experiences interacting with insurgent ideology.
The International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes provides rules that govern the way names are to be selected based on priority of valid publication when two or more alternatives (synonyms) are ...available. However, these rules are not always followed. In the case of the name CaryophanaceaePeshkoff 1939 (Approved Lists 1980), when its nomenclatural type CaryophanonPeshkoff 1939 (Approved Lists 1980) is placed in the same taxon as PlanococcusMigula 1894 (Approved Lists 1980), the nomenclatural type of PlanococcaceaeKrasil'nikov 1949 (Approved Lists 1980), then the two are considered to be heterotypic synonyms and the name which has priority is CaryophanaceaePeshkoff 1939 (Approved Lists 1980). Similarly in the case of the name CaryophanalesPeshkoff 1939 (Approved Lists 1980) when its nomenclatural type CaryophanonPeshkoff 1939 (Approved Lists 1980) is placed in the same taxon as Bacillus Cohn 1872 (Approved Lists 1980), the nomenclatural type of BacillalesPrévot 1953 (Approved Lists 1980), then the two are considered to be heterotypic synonyms and the name which has priority is CaryophanalesPeshkoff 1939 (Approved Lists 1980) While the rules of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes are unambiguous in determining the correct names despite the fact that the names CaryophanaceaePeshkoff 1939 (Approved Lists 1980) and CaryophanalesPeshkoff 1939 (Approved Lists 1980) are rarely used.
Long before it became the slogan of the presidential campaign for Barack Obama, Dorothy Ferebee (1898-1980) lived by the motto YES, WE CAN. An African American obstetrician and civil rights activist ...from Washington DC, she was descended from lawyers, journalists, politicians, and a judge. At a time when African Americans faced Jim Crow segregation, desperate poverty, and lynch mobs, she advised presidents on civil rights and assisted foreign governments on public health issues. Though articulate, visionary, talented, and skillful at managing her publicity, she was also tragically flawed.
Ferebee was president of the Alpha Kappa Alpha black service sorority and later became the president of the powerful National Council of Negro Women in the nascent civil rights era. She stood up to gun-toting plantation owners to bring health care to sharecroppers through her Mississippi Health Project during the Great Depression.
A household name in black America for forty years, Ferebee was also the media darling of the thriving black press. Ironically, her fame and relevance faded as African Americans achieved the political power for which she had fought. InShe Can Bring Us Home, Diane Kiesel tells Ferebee's extraordinary story of struggle and personal sacrifice to a new generation.
מאז ומתמיד התמודדה התנועה האולימפית עם סוגיות פוליטיות, ולמרות ניסיונותיה הרבים מעולם לא צלח בידה להפריד בין ספורט לפוליטיקה. אחד הצעדים הקיצוניים שננקטו בעניין זה הוא חרם. המאמר יעסוק בניתוח החרם של ...המשחקים האולימפיים במוסקבה ב-1980 בתוך כדי בירור הנסיבות, בחינת ההשפעה של החרם בהיבטים השונים, חקר נקודת מבטו של כל צד בקונפליקט ובחינת יחסו של הוועד האולימפי הבין-לאומי לאירוע. לאחר הפשרת היחסים בין ברית המועצות לארצות הברית בשנות השישים התחדשה המלחמה הקרה עם פלישת ברית המועצות לאפגניסטן בדצמבר 1979. זאת הסיבה הרשמית להחרמת ארצות הברית את המשחקים. נוסף על זה, עולות מן המחקר סיבות אפשריות נוספות: היחלשות מעמדו של קארטר ורצון הממשל האמריקאי לגרום לירידת ערך תעמולתי של המשחקים המתקיימים לראשונה במדינה קומוניסטית. לעומת זאת הצד הסובייטי ראה הצלחה במשחקים כאירוע ספורטיבי וכאירוע תעמולתי שניתן להתפאר באמצעותו באידאולוגיה הקומוניסטית. תגובת הסובייטים הייתה חרם נגדי ב-1984, ולאו דווקא הוצאת הכוחות מאפגניסטאן כפי שנדרשו. ייתכן שחוסר היעילות בהשגת מטרה ספציפית מעיד שהחרמת אירוע ספורטיבי יכולה להיות אמצעי יעיל בהיותו חלק מאסטרטגיה פוליטית כללית מקיפה יותר.
The Olympics always have been accompanied by political problems, and despite its many attempts, the Olympic movement has never succeeded in separating sports from political issues. One of the primary ways taken in this context is a boycott. The article provides detailed analysis of the 1980 Moscow Olympics boycott and examines the causes and consequences in various aspects, exploring whether each party to the conflict saw failure or success in this case, and evaluates the attitude of the IOC. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979 ended the period of détente, and a new Cold War resumed. While this one was the official reason that the United States boycotted the Games, this analysis shows other possible reasons: Carter's weakening position, and the US administration's desire to cause a decrease in the propaganda value of the Olympics that were being held for the first time in a Communist country. On the other hand, the Soviet side saw success in the Games as a sporting event and as a propaganda tool for boasting about the Communist ideology. The fact that the United States is an influential power has been an example to many other countries, and it can be seen that the independence of the National Olympic Committees, as it should be demonstrated according to the Olympic Charter rules, did not take place in practice. The Soviet reaction was a boycott against the Olympics in 1984, and not necessarily the withdrawal of forces from Afghanistan as required. The lack of efficiency in achieving a specific goal may indicate that boycotting a sporting event could be an effective strategy if it is part of a more comprehensive general political movement, and not as a means in itself.
Margaret Thatcher was prime minister from 1979 to 1990, during which time her Conservative administration transformed the political landscape of Britain. Science Policy under Thatcher is the first ...book to examine systematically the interplay of science and government under her leadership. Thatcher was a working scientist before she became a professional politician, and she maintained a close watch on science matters as prime minister. Scientific knowledge and advice were important to many urgent issues of the 1980s, from late Cold War questions of defence to emerging environmental problems such as acid rain and climate change. Drawing on newly released primary sources, Jon Agar explores how Thatcher worked with and occasionally against the structures of scientific advice, as the scientific aspects of such issues were balanced or conflicted with other demands and values. To what extent, for example, was the freedom of the individual scientist to choose research projects balanced against the desire to secure more commercial applications? What was Thatcher’s stance towards European scientific collaboration and commitments? How did cuts in public expenditure affect the publicly funded research and teaching of universities? In weaving together numerous topics, including AIDS and bioethics, the nuclear industry and strategic defence, Agar adds to the picture we have of Thatcher and her radically Conservative agenda, and argues that the science policy devised under her leadership, not least in relation to industrial strategy, had a prolonged influence on the culture of British science.
Serendipity placed David Johnston on Mount St. Helens when the volcano rumbled to life in March 1980. Throughout that ominous spring, Johnston was part of a team that conducted scientific research ...that underpinned warnings about the mountain. Those warnings saved thousands of lives when the most devastating eruption in U.S. history blew apart Mount St. Helens, but killed Johnston on the ridge that now bears his name. Melanie Holmes tells the story of Johnston's journey from a nature-loving Boy Scout to a committed geologist. Blending science with personal detail, Holmes follows Johnston through encounters with Aleutian volcanoes, his work helping the Portuguese government assess the geothermal power of the Azores, and his dream job as a volcanologist with the U.S. Geological Survey. Interviews and personal writings reveal what a friend called "the most unjaded person I ever met," an imperfect but kind, intelligent young scientist passionately in love with his life and work and determined to make a difference.
Zika virus is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus and was first linked to congenital microcephaly caused by a large outbreak in northeastern Brazil. Although the Zika virus epidemic is now in decline, ...pregnancies in large parts of the Americas remain at risk because of ongoing transmission and the potential for new outbreaks. This review presents why Zika virus is still a complex and worrisome public health problem with an expanding spectrum of birth defects and how Zika virus and related viruses evade the immune response to injure the fetus. Recent reports indicate that the spectrum of fetal brain and other anomalies associated with Zika virus exposure is broader and more complex than microcephaly alone and includes subtle fetal brain and ocular injuries; thus, the ability to prenatally diagnose fetal injury associated with Zika virus infection remains limited. New studies indicate that Zika virus imparts disproportionate effects on fetal growth with an unusual femur-sparing profile, potentially providing a new approach to identify viral injury to the fetus. Studies to determine the limitations of prenatal and postnatal testing for detection of Zika virus–associated birth defects and long-term neurocognitive deficits are needed to better guide women with a possible infectious exposure. It is also imperative that we investigate why the Zika virus is so adept at infecting the placenta and the fetal brain to better predict other viruses with similar capabilities that may give rise to new epidemics. The efficiency with which the Zika virus evades the early immune response to enable infection of the mother, placenta, and fetus is likely critical for understanding why the infection may either be fulminant or limited. Furthermore, studies suggest that several emerging and related viruses may also cause birth defects, including West Nile virus, which is endemic in many parts of the United States. With mosquito-borne diseases increasing worldwide, there remains an urgent need to better understand the pathogenesis of the Zika virus and related viruses to protect pregnancies and child health.
In an analysis of political, economic, and social development in Peru in the years between 1980 and 2016, this book explores the failure of the socialist Left to realize its project of revolutionary ...social transformation. Based on extensive interviews with leading cadres in the struggle for revolutionary change and a profound review of documents from the principal socialist organizations of the 1980s and 1990s, the volume reveals that the socialist Left did not fully comprehend the deep political and social implications of changes to the country's class structures. As such, the Left failed to develop and implement adequate strategic and tactical responses to the processes that eroded its political and social bases in the 1980s and 1990s, ultimately leading to its loss of social and political power. Lust concludes that the continued political and organizational agony of the Peruvian socialist Left and the hegemony of neoliberalism in society is a product of the dialectical interplay between the objective and subjective conditions that determine Peruvian capitalist development.
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