Der Finanzwissenschaftliche Ausschuß hat sich in den Jahren 1992 bis 1995 mit den Finanzierungsproblemen der deutschen Einheit beschäftigt, die eng mit Finanzausgleichsvorgängen verbunden sind. Auf ...seiner Tagung 1996 in Hamburg hat er daran anknüpfend Fragen des Finanzausgleichs in Europa diskutiert, die mit fortschreitender europäischer Integration an Bedeutung gewinnen dürften. Der vorliegende Band enthält drei Beiträge zu diesem Themenkreis. In einem ersten Aufsatz behandelt Hans-Werner Sinn das Verhältnis von »Selektionsprinzip und Systemwettbewerb«. Sein Ziel ist es zu zeigen, daß die gedankliche Gleichsetzung von staatlichem und privatem Wettbewerb, die sich in der Literatur findet, nicht gerechtfertigt werden kann, da das staatliche Handeln auf Aktivitäten gerichtet ist, die ungeeignet für Wettbewerbsprozesse sind. Stefan Homburg geht auf »Ursachen und Wirkungen eines zwischenstaatlichen Finanzausgleichs« ein. Vor allem will er zeigen, wie Entscheidungen innerhalb der Europäischen Union voraussichtlich zustande kommen, wenn zunehmend das Mehrheitsprinzip angewendet wird, und welche Folgerungen sich daraus für die Gestaltung der europäischen Finanzbeziehungen ergeben. Ewald Nowotny beschreibt in seinem Beitrag die föderalen Aspekte der gegenwärtigen Finanzverfassung der EU, wobei er auf die allokativen, stabilitäts- und distributiven Wirkungen eingeht. Hieraus leitet er dann wirtschaftspolitische Schlußfolgerungen für die zukünftige Haushaltspolitik ab.
Annual Summary of Vital Statistics---1996 Guyer, Bernard; Martin, Joyce A; MacDorman, Marian F ...
Pediatrics (Evanston),
12/1997, Letnik:
100, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Several recent trends in the vital statistics of the United States continued in 1996, including an increase in life expectancy and declines in infant mortality, births to teenage mothers, ...age-adjusted death rates, and death rates for children and adolescents. In 1996, there were an estimated 3 914 953 births in the United States. The preliminary birth rate remained unchanged at 14.8 births per 1000 population, and the fertility rate, births per 1000 women 15 to 44 years of age, was essentially the same at 65.7. Fertility rates rose slightly for most racial and ethnic groups except black women, for whom the rate hit a historic low of 70.8. Overall, fertility remains particularly high for Hispanic women, although there is considerable variation within this heterogenous group. For the fifth consecutive year, birth rates dropped for teenagers. Birth rates for women >/=30 years of age continued to increase. The birth rate for unmarried women declined 1% in 1996 to 44.6 births per 1000 unmarried women, continuing the decline noted in 1995 for the first time in 2 decades. The percentage of women who began prenatal care in the first trimester rose in 1996 to 81.8%, whereas the percentage with late (third trimester) or no care dropped to 4.1%. The rise in timely prenatal care was greatest for black and Hispanic women. The percentage of low birth weight (LBW) infants reached 7.4% in 1996, its highest level since 1975. The very low birth weight rate remained unchanged at 1.4%. The rise in LBW occurred primarily among white women, whereas the LBW rate for black women dropped to 13.0%, the lowest rate reported since 1987. The rise among white women is only partially a result of increases in multiple births, because LBW rates have also risen among white singleton births. The multiple birth ratio rose again in 1996 by 2%, as it has since 1980. The rise was particularly large for higher-order multiple births. Infant mortality reached an all time low level of 7.2 deaths per 1000 births, based on preliminary 1996 data. Neonatal and postneonatal rates declined, as did rates for both black and white infants. National birth weight specific mortality rates are reported here for the first time. In 1995, 63% of infant deaths occurred to the 7.3% of the population that was born LBW. The four leading cause of infant death were congenital anomalies, disorders relating to short gestation and unspecified birth weight, sudden infant death syndrome, and respiratory distress syndrome, accounting for more than half of infant deaths in 1996. Despite the declines in infant mortality, the United States continues to rank poorly in international comparisons of infant mortality. Expectation of life at birth reached a new high in 1996 of 76.1 years for all gender and race groups combined. Age-adjusted mortality rates declined in 1996 for diseases of the heart, malignant neoplasms, cerebrovascular diseases, accidents and adverse effects, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, and suicide. They rose, as in the past several years, for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, diabetes mellitus, and pneumonia and influenza. For the first time since human immunodeficiency virus infection was created as a special cause-of-death category in 1987, death rates for human immunodeficiency virus infection declined from 15.6 in 1995 to 11.6 in 1996. The homicide rate also declined, as it has since 1991. Death rates for children between 1 and 19 years of age declined in 1996, with an estimated 29 183 deaths to children. Unintentional injury mortality has dropped by approximately 50% among children and adolescents since 1979, although it remains the leading cause of death for all age groups of children from 1 to 19 years. Homicide was the fourth leading cause of death for children 1 to 4 and 5 to 9 years of age, the third leading cause for children 10 to 14, and the second leading cause for 15 to 19 year olds.
This article examines debt securities underwritten by Section 20 subsidiaries of bank holding companies relative to those underwritten by investment houses. Consistent with a net certification effect ...for banks, bank underwriting of lower credit rated firms to whom the bank lends results in relatively higher prices (lower yields). We find no evidence of conflicts of interest even when an issue is used to repay bank debt. Further, banks bring a relatively larger proportion of small issues to the market. Contrary to the contention that universal banking stunts availability of finance to small firms, bank underwritings appear to benefit small firms.
The species composition and density of weed seed in the soil vary greatly and are closely linked to the cropping history of the land. Altering tillage practices changes weed seed depth in the soil, ...which plays a role in weed species shifts and affects efficacy of control practices. Crop rotation and weed control practices also affect the weed seedbank. Information on the influence of cropping practices on the weed seedbank should be a useful tool for integrated weed management. Decision aid models use information on the weed seedbank to estimate weed populations, crop yield loss, and recommend weed control tactics. Understanding the light requirements of weed seed may provide new approaches to weed management. Improving and applying our understanding of weed seedbank dynamics is essential to developing improved weed management systems. The principles of plant ecology must be integrated with the science of weed management to develop strategies that take advantage of basic plant responses in weed management systems for agronomic crops.
The benzoylcyclohexane-1,3-diones, the triketones, are potent bleaching herbicides whose structure-activity relationships and physical properties are substantially different from classical bleaching ...herbicides, which affect phytoene desaturase. The first clue to their unique mechanism of action was the discovery that rats treated with a triketone were found to be tyrosinemic. Additionally, examination of the rat urine revealed the accumulation of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (HPP) and p-hydroxyphenyllactate. These results suggested that this chemically induced tyrosinemia was the result of the inhibition of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD, EC 1.13.11.27), and this suggestion was confirmed when a triketone was shown to be a potent inhibitor of rat liver HPPD. In plants, HPPD is a component of the biosynthetic pathway to plastoquinone (PQ), which in turn is a key cofactor of phytoene desaturase. The expectation that triketone-treated plants should accumulate tyrosine while having reduced PQ levels was dramatically demonstrated in the meristematic tissue of ivyleaf morningglory. Plant HPPD, like the mammalian enzyme, was inhibited in vitro by triketones. These biochemical effects provide evidence that the triketone herbicidal mechanism of action is HPPD inhibition leading to a deficiency of PQ, a key cofactor for carotenoid biosynthesis. Other chemical classes of bleaching herbicides were also examined for their ability to elevate tyrosine and deplete PQ as a definitive means of establishing their mode of action and for delineating the structural and physical chemical requirements for an HPPD herbicide. Evidence is provided to support the claim that a 2-benzoylethen-1-ol substructure is the minimum substructure required for a potent HPPD inhibitor.
Die Zukunft der Textlinguistik Gerd Antos, Heike Tietz / Gerd Antos, Heike Tietz
2011, 1997, 1997-01-01, Letnik:
188
eBook
In der seit Mitte der 1970er Jahre bestehenden Reihe Germanistische Linguistik (RGL) haben Veröffentlichungen zu allen Aspekten von Sprache und Kommunikation ihren Platz. Wesentliche ...Publikationsformen sind die Monografie und thematisch kohärente Sammelbände. Der Erfolg der Reihe besteht darin, die große Bandbreite an Themen, Theorien und an methodologischen Zugängen in der germanistischen Linguistik zu berücksichtigen und zu deren Sichtbarkeit im Fach beizutragen. Gleichzeitig war und ist die Reihe ein Ort, an dem innovative Impulse aufgegriffen und neue Trends geprägt werden. Wissenschaftlicher Beirat: Prof. Dr. Stephan Elspaß (Salzburg) Prof. Dr. Jürg Fleischer (Marburg) Prof. Dr. Stephan Habscheid (Siegen) Prof. Dr. Katrin Lehnen (Gießen) Prof. Dr. Barbara Schlücker (Leipzig) Prof. Dr. Renata Szczepaniak (Leipzig) Call for Book Proposals: https://blog.degruyter.com/call-for-book-proposals- reihe-germanistische-linguistik/
Seed dispersal, interacting with environmental disturbance and management across heterogeneous landscapes, results in irregular weed spatial distributions. Describing, predicting, and managing weed ...populations requires an understanding of how weeds are distributed spatially and the consequences of this distribution for population processes. Semivariograms and kriged maps of weed populations in several fields have helped describe spatial structure, but few generalizations can be drawn except that populations are aggregated at one or more scales. Limited information is available on the effect of weed arrangement, pattern, or field location on weed population processes. Because weeds are neither regular nor uniform in distribution, mean density alone is of limited value in estimating yield loss or describing population dynamics over a whole field. Sampling strategies that account for spatial distribution can increase sampling efficiency. Further research should focus on understanding processes that cause changes in spatial distributions over time to help predict rates of invasion and potential extent of colonization.
