The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL) is a widely used DSM‐correspondent self‐report measure of PTSD symptoms. The PCL was recently revised to reflect DSM‐5 changes to the PTSD criteria. ...In this article, the authors describe the development and initial psychometric evaluation of the PCL for DSM‐5 (PCL‐5). Psychometric properties of the PCL‐5 were examined in 2 studies involving trauma‐exposed college students. In Study 1 (N = 278), PCL‐5 scores exhibited strong internal consistency (α = .94), test‐retest reliability (r = .82), and convergent (rs = .74 to .85) and discriminant (rs = .31 to .60) validity. In addition, confirmatory factor analyses indicated adequate fit with the DSM‐5 4‐factor model, χ2(164) = 455.83, p < .001, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = .07, root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA) = .08, comparative fit index (CFI) = .86, and Tucker‐Lewis index (TLI) = .84, and superior fit with recently proposed 6‐factor, χ2 (164) = 318.37, p < .001, SRMR = .05, RMSEA = .06, CFI = .92, and TLI = .90, and 7‐factor, χ2 (164) = 291.32, p < .001, SRMR = .05, RMSEA = .06, CFI = .93, and TLI = .91, models. In Study 2 (N = 558), PCL‐5 scores demonstrated similarly strong reliability and validity. Overall, results indicate that the PCL‐5 is a psychometrically sound measure of PTSD symptoms. Implications for use of the PCL‐5 in a variety of assessment contexts are discussed.
Resumen
Spanish s by the Asociacion Chilena de Estres Traumatico
Lista de verificación del Trastorno por Estrés Postraumatico para el
DSM‐5
La lista de verificación del Trastorno por Estrés Post‐Traumático (LVP o PCL por sus siglas en ingles: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist) es una medida DSM‐correspondiente de auto‐reporte de síntomas de TEPT ampliamente usada. La LVP fue recientemente revisada para reflejar los cambios DSM‐5 a los criterios de TEPT. Este artículo describe el desarrollo y evaluación psicométrica inicial de LVP para DSM‐5 (LVP‐5). Fueron examinadas propiedades psicométricas de LVP‐5 en dos estudios que involucraron estudiantes universitarios expuestos a trauma. En el estudio 1 (N = 278) las puntuaciones LVP‐ 5 exhibían fuerte consistencia interna (a = .94), y confiabilidad test‐re‐test (r = .82), y convergente (rs = .74 a .85) y validez discriminativa (rs = .31 a .60). Adicionalmente, análisis factoriales confirmatorios indicaron un ajuste adecuado con el modelo cuatro‐factores DSM‐5, Χ2 (164) = 455.83, p < .001; raíz cuadrada media estandarizada residual (RMER) = .07; error cuadrado medio de aproximación (ECMA) = .08; Índice de Ajuste Comparativo (IAC) = .86; y el Índice Tucker‐Lewis (ITL) = .84, y ajuste superior con el recientemente propuesto seis‐ (Χ2 (164) = 318.37, p < .001; RMER = .05; ECMA = .06; IAC = .92; y ITL = .90 y siete‐ (Χ2 (164) = 291.32, p < .001; RMER = .05; ECMA = 0.6; IAC = .93; y ITL = .91) modelos factoriales. En el Estudio 2 (N = 558) las puntuaciones LVP‐5 demostraron similarmente fuerte confiabilidad y validez. En general, los resultados indican que el LVP‐5 es una medida psicométrica sólida de TEPT. Son discutidas las implicaciones para el uso de LVP‐5 en una variedad de contextos de evaluación.
抽象
Traditional and Simplified Chinese s by AsianSTSS
標題 : DSM‐5的創傷後壓力症檢查表(PCL‐5)發展和初步心理測量評估
撮要: 與《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊》對應的創傷後壓力症檢查表(PCL)是普遍為人使用的PTSD症狀自評測量工具༌其最近因配合DSM‐5對PTSD診斷準則的修改而更新。本論文描述PCL(PCL‐5)為配合DSM‐5作出的發展和PCL‐5的初步心理測量評估༌利用兩項有關受創大學生的研究檢視PCL‐5的心理測量特性。研究一(N = 278)的PCL‐5分數反映強的內部一致性(α = .94)、重測信度(r = .82)、匯聚(rs = .74 至 .85)及判別效度(rs = .31 至 .60)。驗證性因數分析亦顯示PCL‐5跟DSM‐5的四因素模型有足夠適配度༌χ2 (164) = 455.83, p < .001༌
標準化殘差均方根 (SRMR) = .07༌漸進誤差均方根(RMSEA) = .08༌比較適配指數 (CFI) = .86༌Tucker Lewis指數(TLI) = .84༛並與最近提出的六因素模型(χ2 (164) = 318.37, p < .001; SRMR = .05; RMSEA = .06; CFI = .92; and TLI = .90)及七因素模型(χ2 (164) = 291.32, p < .001; SRMR = .05; RMSEA = .06; CFI = .93; and TLI = .91)有優越適配度。研究二(N = 558)的PCL‐5分數反映相近強度的信度和效度。整體結果反映PCL‐5是測量PTSD的好方法。論文亦討論到在各種評估情境下使用PCL‐5的意味。
标题 : DSM‐5的创伤后压力症检查表(PCL‐5)发展和初步心理测量评估
撮要: 与《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》对应的创伤后压力症检查表(PCL)是普遍为人使用的PTSD症状自评测量工具༌其最近因配合DSM‐5对PTSD诊断准则的修改而更新。本论文描述PCL(PCL‐5)为配合DSM‐5作出的发展和PCL‐5的初步心理测量评估༌利用两项有关受创大学生的研究检视PCL‐5的心理测量特性。研究一(N = 278)的PCL‐5分数反映强的内部一致性(α = .94)、重测信度(r = .82)、汇聚(rs = .74 至 .85)及判别效度(rs = .31 至 .60)。验证性因子分析亦显示PCL‐5跟DSM‐5的四因素模型有足够适配度༌χ2 (164) = 455.83, p < .001༌
标准化残差均方根 (SRMR) = .07༌渐进误差均方根(RMSEA) = .08༌比较适配指数 (CFI) = .86༌Tucker Lewis指数(TLI) = .84༛并与最近提出的六因素模型(χ2 (164) = 318.37, p < .001; SRMR = .05; RMSEA = .06; CFI = .92; and TLI = .90)及七因素模型(χ2 (164) = 291.32, p < .001; SRMR = .05; RMSEA = .06; CFI = .93; and TLI = .91)有优越适配度。研究二(N = 558)的PCL‐5分数反映相近强度的信度和效度。整体结果反映PCL‐5是测量PTSD的好方法。论文亦讨论到在各种评估情境下使用PCL‐5的意味。
Synaptic loss and deficits in functional connectivity are hypothesized to contribute to symptoms associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The ...synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) can be used to index the number of nerve terminals, an indirect estimate of synaptic density. Here, we used positron emission tomography (PET) with the SV2A radioligand
CUCB-J to examine synaptic density in n = 26 unmedicated individuals with MDD, PTSD, or comorbid MDD/PTSD. The severity of depressive symptoms was inversely correlated with SV2A density, and individuals with high levels of depression showing lower SV2A density compared to healthy controls (n = 21). SV2A density was also associated with aberrant network function, as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) functional connectivity. This is the first in vivo evidence linking lower synaptic density to network alterations and symptoms of depression. Our findings provide further incentive to evaluate interventions that restore synaptic connections to treat depression.
Presynaptic cannabinoid-1 receptors (CB1-R) bind endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids to modulate neurotransmitter release. CB1-Rs are expressed throughout the basal ganglia, including striatum and ...substantia nigra, where they play a role in learning and control of motivated actions. However, the pattern of CB1-R expression across different striatal compartments, microcircuits and efferent targets, and the contribution of different CB1-R-expressing neurons to this pattern, are unclear. We use a combination of conventional techniques and novel genetic models to evaluate CB1-R expression in striosome (patch) and matrix compartments of the striatum, and in nigral targets of striatal medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs). CB1-R protein and mRNA follow a descending dorsolateral-to-ventromedial intensity gradient in the caudal striatum, with elevated expression in striosomes relative to the surrounding matrix. The lateral predominance of striosome CB1-Rs contrasts with that of the classical striosomal marker, the mu opioid receptor (MOR), which is expressed most prominently in rostromedial striosomes. The dorsolateral-to-ventromedial CB1-R gradient is similar to Drd2 dopamine receptor immunoreactivity and opposite to Substance P. This topology of CB1-R expression is maintained downstream in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. Dense CB1-R-expressing striatonigral fibers extend dorsally within the substantia nigra pars reticulata, and colocalize with bundles of ventrally extending, striosome-targeted, dendrites of dopamine-containing neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (striosome-dendron bouquets). Within striatum, CB1-Rs colocalize with fluorescently labeled MSN collaterals within the striosomes. Cre recombinase-mediated deletion of CB1-Rs from cortical projection neurons or MSNs, and MSN-selective reintroduction of CB1-Rs in knockout mice, demonstrate that the principal source of CB1-Rs in dorsolateral striosomes is local MSN collaterals. These data suggest a role for CB1-Rs in caudal dorsolateral striosome collaterals and striosome-dendron bouquet projections to lateral substantia nigra, where they are anatomically poised to mediate presynaptic disinhibition of both striosomal MSNs and midbrain dopamine neurons in response to endocannabinoids and cannabinomimetics.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has emerged as a regulator of development, plasticity and, recently, addiction. Decreased neurotrophic activity may be involved in ethanol-induced ...neurodegeneration in the adult brain and in the etiology of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders. This can occur through decreased expression of BDNF or through inability of the receptor to transduce signals in the presence of ethanol. In contrast, recent studies implicate region-specific up-regulation of BDNF and associated signaling pathways in anxiety, addiction and homeostasis after ethanol exposure. Anxiety and depression are precipitating factors for substance abuse and these disorders also involve region-specific changes in BDNF in both pathogenesis and response to pharmacotherapy. Polymorphisms in the genes coding for BDNF and its receptor TrkB are linked to affective, substance abuse and appetitive disorders and therefore may play a role in the development of alcoholism. This review summarizes historical and pre-clinical data on BDNF and TrkB as it relates to ethanol toxicity and addiction. Many unresolved questions about region-specific changes in BDNF expression and the precise role of BDNF in neuropsychiatric disorders and addiction remain to be elucidated. Resolution of these questions will require significant integration of the literature on addiction and comorbid psychiatric disorders that contribute to the development of alcoholism.
Crystal polymorphism is a common phenomenon in pharmaceutical solids and a critical issue when considering the formulation of therapeutics since multiple polymorphs may form during drug ...manufacturing. Low-frequency vibrational spectroscopy is sensitive to polymorphic content, and in this work, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and low-frequency Raman spectroscopy were utilized in the study of crystalline ribavirin, a widely applicable antiviral. Characteristic spectra with numerous peaks in the sub-200 cm–1 region were obtained of the more common polymorph of ribavirin (Form II). Solid-state density functional theory (ss-DFT) simulations were then used to optimize the crystal structure of this polymorph and calculate the frequencies and spectral intensities of the lattice vibrations in the low-frequency region. The near-harmonic thermal behavior of the sample with cooling enabled excellent agreement between experiment and theory to be achieved, emphasizing the quality of the applied model, and the observed spectral peaks could be assigned to specific atomic motions in the solid. Form I and Form II polymorphs of ribavirin were both investigated with ss-DFT to understand the different aspects governing the relative stabilities of these solids. The ss-DFT simulations of the polymorph energies revealed that Form II is more stable at all temperatures due to a stronger cohesive energy than Form I; however, ribavirin in Form I has a significantly lower conformational energy. The finding of monotropism appears to conflict with the reported enantiotropism of the ribavirin polymorphs but ultimately confirms that crystal defects in the real samples greatly affect the thermodynamic relationship of the crystals.
Intravenous (IV) subanesthetic doses of ketamine have been shown to reduce psychiatric distress in both major depressive (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the effect of ...ketamine on cognitive function in these disorders is not well understood. To address this gap, we examined the effect of a single dose of IV ketamine on cognition in individuals with MDD and/or PTSD relative to healthy controls (HC). Psychiatric (n = 29; 15 PTSD, 14 MDD) and sex- age- and IQ matched HC (n = 29) groups were recruited from the community. A single subanesthetic dose of IV ketamine was administered. Mood and cognitive measures were collected prior to, 2 h and 1 day post-ketamine administration. MDD/PTSD individuals evidenced a large-magnitude improvement in severity of depressive symptoms at both 2-hours and 1 day post-ketamine administration (p's < .001, Cohen d's = 0.80-1.02). Controlling for baseline performance and years of education, IV ketamine induced declines in attention (ATTN), executive function (EF), and verbal memory (VM) 2 h post-administration, all of which had resolved by 1 day post-ketamine across groups. The magnitude of cognitive decline was significantly larger in MDD/PTSD relative to HC on attention only (p = .012, d = 0.56). Ketamine did not affect working memory (WM) performance. Cognitive function (baseline, change from baseline to post-ketamine) was not associated with antidepressant response to ketamine. Results suggest that while ketamine may have an acute deleterious effect on some cognitive domains in both MDD/PTSD and HC individuals, most notably attention, this reduction is transient and there is no evidence of ketamine-related cognitive dysfunction at 1 day post-administration.
Antibiotic use and bacterial transmission are responsible for the emergence, spread and persistence of antimicrobial-resistant (AR) bacteria, but their relative contribution likely differs across ...varying socio-economic, cultural, and ecological contexts. To better understand this interaction in a multi-cultural and resource-limited context, we examine the distribution of antimicrobial-resistant enteric bacteria from three ethnic groups in Tanzania. Household-level data (n = 425) was collected and bacteria isolated from people, livestock, dogs, wildlife and water sources (n = 62,376 isolates). The relative prevalence of different resistance phenotypes is similar across all sources. Multi-locus tandem repeat analysis (n = 719) and whole-genome sequencing (n = 816) of Escherichia coli demonstrate no evidence for host-population subdivision. Multivariate models show no evidence that veterinary antibiotic use increased the odds of detecting AR bacteria, whereas there is a strong association with livelihood factors related to bacterial transmission, demonstrating that to be effective, interventions need to accommodate different cultural practices and resource limitations.
The identification of crystalline drug polymorphs using terahertz vibrational spectroscopy is a powerful approach for the nondestructive and noninvasive characterization of solid-state ...pharmaceuticals. However, a complete understanding of the terahertz spectra of molecular solids is challenging to obtain because of the complex nature of the low-frequency vibrational motions found in the sub-3 THz (sub-100 cm–1) range. Unambiguous assignments of the observed spectral features can be achieved through quantum mechanical solid-state simulations of crystal structures and lattice vibrations utilizing the periodic boundary condition approach. The terahertz spectra of two polymorphs of enalapril maleate are presented here to demonstrate that even large pharmaceuticals can be successfully modeled using solid-state density functional theory, including cocrystalline solids comprised of multiple distinct species. These simulations enable spectral assignments to be made, but also provide insights into the conformational and cohesion energies that contribute to the polymorph stabilities. The results reveal that the Form II polymorph of enalapril maleate is the more stable of the two under ambient conditions, and that this stability is driven by a greater intermolecular cohesion energy as compared to Form I.
Our objective was to determine whether β-lactamase genes are carried within bacteriophage capsids, as a first step towards exploring the possible role of bacteriophages as vehicles for dispersal of ...antimicrobial resistance genes through an agricultural region of Washington State. Water samples (n = 178) from municipal wastewater treatment plants, river and irrigation canals were collected over a period of eight months. The occurrence of four β-lactam resistance gene groups (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaPSE and blaCMY-2) and three carbapenem resistance genes (blaKPC, blaOXA-48-like, and blaNDM) in bacterial and phage fractions of water samples was evaluated by PCR. All of the seven targeted resistance genes were detected both in wastewater and river water samples. Relatively high proportions of samples (7.3%–64.9%) positive for resistance genes were found in bacteriophage fractions of water samples compared to the bacterial fractions (5.4%–36.8%). blaOXA-48-like (57.3%) and blaTEM (64.0%) were the most prevalent antimicrobial resistance genes detected at all the sampling points. Resistance genes are commonly present in treated wastewater flowing through municipal and agricultural environments, indicating a plausible role for this water in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance traits, including blaCTX-M.
•Water from wastewater, river and canals in Washington State was sampled.•β-lactamase genes were detected in high proportions of samples.•Phage fractions of samples were more frequently positive than bacterial fractions.•blaNDM-1 was detected in over 20% of phage fractions of samples.
The learning of new skills is characterized by an initial phase of rapid improvement in performance and a phase of more gradual improvements as skills are automatized and performance asymptotes. ...Using in vivo striatal recordings, we observed region-specific changes in neural activity during the different phases of skill learning, with the associative or dorsomedial striatum being preferentially engaged early in training and the sensorimotor or dorsolateral striatum being engaged later in training. Ex vivo recordings from medium spiny striatal neurons in brain slices of trained mice revealed that the changes observed in vivo corresponded to regional- and training-specific changes in excitatory synaptic transmission in the striatum. Furthermore, the potentiation of glutamatergic transmission observed in dorsolateral striatum after extensive training was preferentially expressed in striatopallidal neurons, rather than striatonigral neurons. These findings demonstrate that region- and pathway-specific plasticity sculpts the circuits involved in the performance of the skill as it becomes automatized.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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