An analysis of natural disturbances in the Julian Alps was carried out in the Jelovica-Pokljuka region (9627 ha) for the period 1979–2006. Data from salvage cuttings were used to examine the ...occurrence of windthrow, snow break, and insect attack disturbances in relation to site and stand characteristics, previous disturbances, and forest management. Forest stands at the site were characterized by a high growing stock (400 m3·ha-1 on average) and a large proportion of Norway spruce (87%). Salvage cutting due to windthrow, snow break and insect attacks was strongly related to altitude, aspect, topographic position, diameter structure, developmental phase of the stands, and forest landscape heterogeneity. Pole stands were more susceptible to snow breakage and less susceptible to windthrow and insect attack. A more heterogeneous forest landscape increased the risk of windthrow and insect attack occurrence, while the severity of all natural disturbances was lower in more heterogeneous forest landscapes. Natural disturbances and previous cuttings also significantly influenced the likelihood of occurrence and the severity of subsequent disturbances. To improve stand resistance, forest management measures considering the silviculture system and thinning are discussed. Nomenclature: Pfeffer, 1995; Oberdorfer, 2001.
An ion chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (IC–ICP-MS) was introduced in the analysis of bisphosphonates. Two compounds (alendronic acid and etidronic acid) were separated on ...a Dionex AS-7 anion-exchange column with dilute nitric acid employed as the mobile phase. The analytes were detected at
m/
z 31, as they contain phosphorus. The detection limits achieved were 0.20
mg
l
−1 for alendronic acid and 0.05
mg
l
−1 for etidronic acid. Since the determination of phosphorus by ICP-MS is difficult due to polyatomic interferences at
m/
z 31 (
15
N
16
O
+
,
14
N
16
O
1
H
+
, and
12
C
1
H
3
16
O
+
), a detailed study of the influence of plasma parameters on phosphorus and background signal was performed.
In order to determine the contamination of agricultural soil with residues of chlorinated hydrocarbons, copper and triazines, samples were taken in the years 1987 – 1996 from intensively cultivated ...arable soil (vineyards, orchards, potato fields, maize fields, vegetable fields) situated in the area of Gorenjska, Dolenjska, Štajerska, Prekmurje, Koroška and Primorska. In 1991, in order to establish the content of residues of some phytopharmaceutical products in lower soil layers, depth drilling was used to take samples from 50 cm thick layers situated in intensively cultivated areas (Groblje, Jablje) and extensively cultivated areas lying directly in the underground water area used as a source of drinking water in Primorska (the surroundings of Rižana). It was found out that the quantity of residues of chlorinated hydrocarbons in soil (arable soil) was constantly decreasing or that it was mostly negligible, that the problem of soil contamination with triazine residues was not manifested and that in all treated samples a rather large quantity of copper residues was found. In the drill holes from intensive production areas it became evident that the concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons were very low throughout the entire cross-section. Concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the subsoil of extensive production areas were negligible, however, on some places their residues were washed off all the way to the solid ground (rock). The quantities of triazine residues were negligible or hardly determinable and they were frequently found only in higher layers.
Z namenom ugotavljanja onesnaženosti kmetijskih tal z ostanki kloriranih ogljikovodikov, bakra in triazinov smo v letih 1987 - 1996 iz ornice z intenzivno obdelovanih površin (vinogradov, sadovnjakov, krompirišč, koruzišč, površin z vrtninami) z območij Gorenjske, Dolenjske, Štajerske, Prekmurja, Koroške in Primorske jemali vzorce. Prav tako smo v letu 1991 z namenom ugotavljanja vsebnosti ostankov nekaterih fitofarmacevtskih sredstev v nižjih talnih plasteh s pomočjo globinskih vrtanj odvzeli vzorce tal po plasteh debelih 50 cm iz intenzivnih pridelovalnih območij (Groblje, Jablje) in ekstenzivnih pridelovalnih območij, ki ležijo neposredno na območju podtalnice, katera rabi kot vir pitne vode na Primorskem (okolica Rižane). Ugotovili smo, da se količina ostankov kloriranih ogljikovodikov v tleh (ornici) nepretrgoma zmanjšuje oziroma je v glavnem zanemarljiva, da problem onesnaženosti tal z ostanki triazinov ni izražen in da smo v vseh obravnavanih vzorcih našli precej veliko količino ostankov bakra. Pri vrtinah z intenzivnih pridelovalnih območij se je pokazalo, da so koncentracije kloriranih ogljikovodikov skozi ves presek zelo nizke. Koncentracije kloriranih ogljikovodikov v podtalju ekstenzivnih obdelovalnih območij pa so sicer zanemarljive vendar so se ostanki ponekod sprali prav do trdne podlage (skale). Ugotovljene količine ostankov triazinov so zanemarljive oziroma komaj določljive, ostanke pa smo najpogosteje našli le v višjih plasteh.
Influence of some commercially available types of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) on the stability of certain active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), when in contact, has been investigated. Two ...structurally similar APIs, perindopril erbumine (PER) and enalapril maleate (EM), both well-known angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were used. The main properties of an MCC that could determine the stability for each API were measured and correlated to the stability of these two APIs in binary mixtures. The stability of these APIs differed when in contact with different types of MCC. The dominant properties of MCC from one manufacturer were surface features that influenced the stability of PER and acidity that influenced the stability of EM. In the case of MCC from other manufacturers, unbound water was stability determining for both substances.
Influence of some commercially available types of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) on the stability of certain active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), when in contact, has been investigated. Two ...structurally similar APIs, perindopril erbumine (PER) and enalapril maleate (EM), both well-known angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were used. The main properties of an MCC that could determine the stability for each API were measured and correlated to the stability of these two APIs in binary mixtures. The stability of these APIs differed when in contact with different types of MCC. The dominant properties of MCC from one manufacturer were surface features that influenced the stability of PER and acidity that influenced the stability of EM. In the case of MCC from other manufacturers, unbound water was stability determining for both substances.
V raziskavi smo proučevali vpliv nekaterih tipov komercialno dostopne mikrokristalne celuloze (MCC) na stabilnost izbranih zdravilnih učinkovin, kadar sta učinkovina in pomožna snov v stiku. Uporabili smo dve strukturno sorodni učinkovini, znana zaviralca angiotenzin-konvertaze, erbuminijev perindoprilat in enalaprilijev maleat. Izmerili smo najpomembnejše lastnosti mikrokristalne celuloze, ki bi lahko vplivale na stabilnost posamezne zdravilne učinkovine in določili povezavo med temi lastnostmi pomožne snovi in stabilnostjo zdravilnih učinkovin v binarnih zmeseh. Stabilnost obeh učinkovin se je razlikovala pri posameznih eksperimentih in je bila odvisna od tipa uporabljene mikrokristalne celuloze. Na stabilnost erbuminijevega perindoprilata so najbolj vplivale površinske značilnosti enega izmed proizvajalcev mikrokristalne celuloze, na stabilnost enalaprilijevega maleata pa njene šibko kisle lastnosti. V primeru ostalih dveh proizvajalcev mikrokristalne celuloze je na stabilnost obeh zdravilnih učinkovin najbolj vplivala nevezana voda.
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