OCCASIONAL USE OF TEMPORAL ADJECTIVES IN POLISH Occasional expressions help in referring the predicate to an extralinguistic object, and they serve as a means of its identification. The author of the ...article presents semantic descriptions of the following Polish temporal adjectives which express the simultaneity of the action with the speech act, namely aktualny up-to-date, obecny present, bieżący current, dzisiejszy today’s, teraźniejszy presentday. These units can be used occasionally. In this case, they are characterized by several syntactic features. First, they occur only in attribitive positions, never in predicative ones. Second, they cannot be negated. Third, they do not occur with indefinite pronouns. Fourth, they cannot co-occur with metapredicative operators. Fifth, they are not gradable.
The paper presents a syntactic and semantic analysis of a Polish lexical unit poszczególne ‘individual’. It contains a description of the limits of its use, and a proposition of representation of its ...meaning. Moreover, it justifies the hypothesis that the meaning of poszczególne implies the notions of multitude, ordering, and openness of the set, and that the unit is one of the operators of distributive quantification.
The paper describes Witold Mańczak’s contribution to the development of general and theoretical linguistics in the last fifty years. Against the background of his monistic notion of language as a ...material entity, this author presents Mańczak’s critical evaluation of the methodological apparatus of paradigms which came after the inductive historical-comparative linguistics. The analysis focuses primarily on Mańczak’s criticism of Ferdinand de Saussure’s notion of language.
Messenger RNA uridylation is pervasive and conserved among eukaryotes, but the consequences of this modification for mRNA fate are still under debate. Utilising a simple model organism to study ...uridylation may facilitate efforts to understand the cellular function of this process. Here we demonstrate that uridylation can be detected using simple bioinformatics approach. We utilise it to unravel widespread transcript uridylation in fission yeast and demonstrate the contribution of both Cid1 and Cid16, the only two annotated terminal uridyltransferases (TUT-ases) in this yeast. To detect uridylation in transcriptome data, we used a RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) library preparation protocol involving initial linker ligation to fragmented RNA-an approach borrowed from small RNA sequencing that was commonly used in older RNA-seq protocols. We next explored the data to detect uridylation marks. Our analysis show that uridylation in yeast is pervasive, similarly to the one in multicellular organisms. Importantly, our results confirm the role of the cytoplasmic uridyltransferase Cid1 as the primary uridylation catalyst. However, we also observed an auxiliary role of the second uridyltransferase, Cid16. Thus both fission yeast uridyltransferases are involved in mRNA uridylation. Intriguingly, we found no physiological phenotype of the single and double deletion mutants of cid1 and cid16 and only minimal impact of uridylation on steady-state mRNA levels. Our work establishes fission yeast as a potent model to study uridylation in a simple eukaryote, and we demonstrate that it is possible to detect uridylation marks in RNA-seq data without the need for specific methodologies.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The unit najróżniejsze ‘all sorts of’ against the background of the semantic operation of grading
The paper presents a detailed semantic and syntactic analysis of such linguistic units in Polish as ...różne, najróżniejsze, and a preliminary description of such units as przeróżne, najprzeróżniejsze. The following hypotheses are substantiated: 1. The adjectives różny, przeróżny are not gradable; 2. The sequences najróżniejsze, najprzeróżniejsze resemble the superlative form of adjectives, but are separate linguistic units, and not in fact superlatives.
The article discusses syntactic and semantic features of the adjective dowolny ‘any’. The adjective in question refers to an object that the speaker intends to choose from a set of many elements. ...However, it doesn’t matter which object will be chosen. In the moment of choice the object loses its feature of “anyness”. The nominal phrase with the adjective dowolny represents indefinite description and this phrase can occur only in non-declarative sentences. The adjective dowolny is semantically related to the pronouns with the morpheme -kolwiek ‘any’.
Artykuł ten jest okolicznościowym przyczynkiem do historii językoznawstwa teoretycznego w Polsce. Punktem wyjścia są wybrane subiektywnie (ale nieprzypadkowo) konstatacje czworga uczonych, mianowicie ...Jerzego Kuryłowicza, Andrzeja Bogusławskiego, Anny Wierzbickiej i Stanisława Karolaka, które uważam za przełomowe metodologicznie. Spowodowały one istotne zmiany w zakresie narzędzi badawczych, a więc języka językoznawstwa. Zmiany te dotyczą samych twórców oraz innych językoznawców, zarówno rówieśników, jak i reprezentantów następnych pokoleń. O kolejności, w jakiej wymieniłem cztery nazwiska, decydują daty oryginalnych publikacji, w których przedstawiane konstatacje są zawarte. Przedstawiony w artykule wybór dotyczy drugiej połowy XX wieku, ocena doniosłości konstatacji teoretycznych rozpowszechniających się w XXI wieku jest przedwczesna. Nie oceniam oryginalności wybranych konstatacji z punktu widzenia nauki światowej (uważam takie zadanie za niewykonalne), nie badam ich źródeł. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie na ewolucję narzędzi badawczych i zwrócenie uwagi na postęp metodologiczny w językoznawstwie polskim ostatnich siedemdziesięciu lat.This paper is a contribution to the history of theoretical linguistics in Poland. The starting point are statements made by four Polish scholars, Jerzy Kuryłowicz, Andrzej Bogusławski, Anna Wierzbicka, and Stanisław Karolak, which have been chosen subjectively (but not randomly) and which I consider to be methodologically groundbreaking. They resulted in significant changes in research tools and thus brought about changes in the language of linguistics. These changes concern the authors themselves as well as other linguists, both their contemporaries and representatives of the next generations. The order in which I list the four names is determined by the dates of the original publications that include the statements. The statements discussed in this article were made in the second half of the 20th century; an assessment of the relevance of theoretical statements appearing in the 21st century would be premature. I do not assess the originality of the selected statements from the point of view of world science (I consider such a task unfeasible), nor do I examine their sources. The aim of the article is to point to the evolution of research tools and to draw attention to the methodological progress in Polish linguistics over the last seventy years.
It is possible to distinguish in Polish lexical units which are having the shape of the superlative of adverb. They represent classes of metatextual (cf. najnormalniej, najpewniej, najspokojniej, ...najwidoczniej) or metapredicative (cf. najdalej, najmniej, najwy?ej) operators. In this paper the first class of operators is considered. Syntactic features of adverbs and metatextual operators are mutually exclusive. The operators under examination have their counterparts in the shape of the positive in the classes of adverbs as well as particles. However, none of the distinguished operators has counterpart in the shape of the comparative in the class of particles. A metatextual operator - analogically to a particle - opens one position primarily on its right side, for an expression unmarked relative to the degree of complexity. Whereas a superlative of adverb opens two positions the first one for a verb and the second one for a prepositional phrase. In the paper numerous arguments are presented for confirming the hypothesis that lexical units which are having the shape of the superlative of adverb are grammatical homonyms which belong both to adverbs and to particles.
The article contains a detailed syntactic and semantic analysis of the Polish word co used ob¬ligatorily in the anteposition of the adjectival comparative. The units having the shape co and occurring ...in other contexts than the given one are treated as grammatical homonyms of the examined word. All of them are distinguished but not described in detail in the article.
Methodological assumptions of the paper are based (a) partly on the semantic-syntactic clas¬sification of the Polish lexemes proposed by Jadwiga Wajszczuk (2010) and (b) partly on the rules of description of the Polish functional units elaborated by Maciej Grochowski, Anna Kisiel and Magdalena Żabowska (2018) and accepted for the Great Dictionary of the Polish Language.
The unit co under examination belongs to the class of metapredicative operators. The speaker using this unit chooses objects having the feature ascribed to them by the adjectival compar¬ative. He cannot choose all objects belonging to the given class since it is impossible to add a general quantification operator to the unit co.
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