Popovo polje is a longitudinal karst basin at the level of 250 metres above sea level, surrounded by higher hills, not far from the Adriatic Sea. Water power can be used for powering certain water ...devices, such as mills, mill-stamps, saw-mills, irrigation etc. All these devices except sawmills can be found in this region. The typical architecture on Popovo polje is closely connected with stone: dwellings, economic buildings, especially salaš (drying and storing device for corn), irrigation devices on the Trebišnjica river but the most attractive are mills, especially ponor mills. A ponor mill is a unique system in the world, using the oscillating level of water. A classical millwheel with a vertical axle – almost a turbine – is set into a vertical cylinder, which uses water power, independent of its level. The architectural frame is made of stone but the rotating elements are wooden, in particular the rotating waterwheel with scoops. Mills located on karst ponors with special behaviour are called ‘estavelle’ mills, with the wheel rotating in both directions. The problem with these jewels of the cultural and technical heritage is that they are abandoned and forgotten. The most important aspects of saving them are uncovering them, recalling them to memory and preventing them from disappearing, restoring them to working order and presenting them to the public. The conclusions are very clear: not even owners are aware of these important objects. We professionals must restore this heritage to life, to the public, by raising the awareness of the local people of the work and culture, with beneficial economic effects. Key words: karst, ponor (swallow hole), watermill, waterwheel, turbine. Borut Juvanec: Popovo polje, drugačen pogled Popovo polje je tipična vzdolžna kraška kotlina na višini 250 metrov nad morjem, nedaleč od Jadranskega morja, obkrožena z višjim hribovjem. Moč vode lahko uporabimo kot energijo za pogon nekaterih vodnih strojev: mlinov, stop, valjalnic, žag, namakalnih sistemov, itn. Na tem območju najdemo vse naštete, razen žag, kar je na kraškem terenu povsem logično. Arhitekturne značilnosti so vezane na kamen. Objekti so predvsem bivalne hiše, gospodarski objekti, posebej salaš kot sušilna naprava za koruzo, namakalni sistemi na reki Trebišnjica, predvsem pa so to 'ponor mlinice', mlini na ponorih. Ponor mlinica je edinstvena v svetovnem merilu, uporablja nihajočo višino vode. Je mlin z vertikalno osjo vodnega kolesa – skoraj turbine. Sam mlin je nameščen v vertikalnem okroglem obodu. Konstrukcija mlina je seveda kamnita, razen notranje konstrukcije z lesenim kolesom, ki ima enake lesene žličke. Nekateri mlini, ki stojijo na estavelah (ponorih, ki požirajo, a tudi bruhajo vodo), imajo konstrukcijo, prirejeno za delovanje v obeh smereh. Največji problemi teh mlinov je, da padajo v pozabo in da fizično propadajo. Najpomembnejša naloge so zato iztrganje pozabi in izginotju, rekonstrukcija v stanje delovanja in predstavitev spomenikov ljudske kulture javnosti. Sklep je zato povsem jasen: ta kulturna dediščina je danes pozabljena in je niti njeni lastniki ne poznajo več. Zato moramo predvsem strokovnjaki to pomembno kulturno dobrino vrniti v življenje, da bo dvigala zavest lokalnega prebivalstva, na področju kulture, a z ekonomskimi učinki. Ključne besede: kras, ponor (požiralnik, bruhalnik), vodni mlin, mlinsko kolo, turbina.
How do we value historic urban landscape in order to intervene within it as designers? This is the central question posed in this volume, and is tackled by its 16 essays which investigate different ...facets of value as bases of building and design practices on a range of spatial scales and brought about by a variety of historical circumstances. While the modernist metanarrative of universalism propagated functionalism and, through it, biological and psychological motives of design activity, contemporary building practices are based on more complex and diverse patterns of values that range from cultural to market-driven. Researched, reconstructed and critically assessed, the different case studies brought together here reveal the many possible shades of the 'importance of place' with which architects, urban planners and city officials work today in the Southern European context. Marked in recent decades by social and political transition and economic hardship, the reality of this region's cities caused repeated revisions of value-systems in all spheres of public life, making it, thus, a particularly intriguing context to observe in these terms. In this sense, these essays will be of interest to university scholars in architecture, art history, urbanism and planning, in addition to practicing designers and public officials who encounter problems of value-definitions in their everyday working tasks related to the shaping and management of contemporary urban space.
Mesto raste iz zrna v jedro. Zgodovinsko jedro je osrednji del z zgodovinskim pomenom, okrog katerega se nizajo drugi programi. Možnosti definirajo rast in gostoto mesta, a tukaj je tudi največ ...problemov. Na rast vplivajo premeščanje aktivnosti, spremembe v socialnem in političnem življenju, ne nazadnje sta pomembna elementa kultura in šport. Vidnost, včasih rečemo lepota, je le zunanji plašč notranjosti, bistva samega. Dobro delujoča vas ne more biti grda. Ogenj, ognjišče, hiša, domačija, vas, mesto (preživetje, potrebe in možnosti) so bliže krogu in teoriji, kot se zdi. Rast arhitekture od detajla do prostorskega načrtovanja je plod človekovega uravnavanja le v detajlu, mesto pa raste po svoji logiki. Vloga strok je pri tem omejena le na postavitev strategije in kontrolo njegove rasti. Stvari so bolj preproste, kot mislimo.
V prispevku so predstavljena razmišljanja o povezanosti arhitekturne oblike v teoriji in praksi oziroma o izjemni povezanosti pogledov različnih strok z arhitekturnim izrazom. Skupni prostori mesta, ...mesta sama in posamezne arhitekture so v svoji organizaciji sestavljene od spodaj navzgor ali množenja elementov od zgoraj navzdol. Teoretično ozadje razmišljanj je predstavljeno prek teorij središča, jedra in trikotnika ter stožca. Teorijo potrjujejo primeri iz vernakularne arhitekture.
Popovo polje is a longitudinal karst basin at the level of 250 metres above sea level, surrounded by higher hills, not far from the Adriatic Sea. Water power can be used for powering certain water ...devices, such as mills, mill-stamps, saw-mills, irrigation etc. All these devices except sawmills can be found in this region. The typical architecture on Popovo polje is closely connected with stone: dwellings, economic buildings, especially salas (drying and storing device for corn), irrigation devices on the Trebisnjica river but the most attractive are mills, especially ponor mills. A ponor mill is a unique system in the world, using the oscillating level of water. A classical millwheel with a vertical axle - almost a turbine - is set into a vertical cylinder, which uses water power, independent of its level. The architectural frame is made of stone but the rotating elements are wooden, in particular the rotating waterwheel with scoops. Mills located on karst ponors with special behaviour are called 'estavelle' mills, with the wheel rotating in both directions. The problem with these jewels of the cultural and technical heritage is that they are abandoned and forgotten. The most important aspects of saving them are uncovering them, recalling them to memory and preventing them from disappearing, restoring them to working order and presenting them to the public. The conclusions are very clear: not even owners are aware of these important objects. We professionals must restore this heritage to life, to the public, by raising the awareness of the local people of the work and culture, with beneficial economic effects.
The article presents ideas about the close links between architectural forms in theory and practice, as well as the extraordinary ties between the aspects of various disciplines and architectural ...expression. Common urban places, cities themselves and particular architecture are in their organisation composed from bottom up or the multiplication of elements from top down. The theoretical background of these ideas is presented with the theory of centre, core, triangle and cone. The theory is proved with examples from vernacular architecture.
The city grows from the seed to the core. The historical core is the central part with historical significance, around which other programmes are aligned. Possibilities define growth and density of a ...city, but this is the source of problems. Growth is influenced by activities moving, changes in social and political life, but also important elements of culture and sports. Visibility, sometimes termed beauty, is only the external layer of the interior, the essence itself. A functioning village cannot be ugly. Fire, the fireplace, house, home, village, city (survival, needs and possibilities) are closer to the circle and theory, than can be expected. Growth of architecture from the detail to spatial planning is the fruit of human balancing only in detail. Cities grow according to their own logic. The role of professions is therefore limited only to the establishment of strategies and controlling their growth. Things are much simpler, than we can imagine.
Crna Gora is neither a big nor a rich country today. Its wealth can be found in its history, nature and culture. Like Slovenia, it has the sea and mountains and mostly architecture in stone, though ...also in wood. By the coast, there are mostly larger old towns, especially in Boka Kotorska, with dominant military architecture, made by specialists, who also built palaces and wealthy houses. Other towns inland grew over the course of history from small villages, with their own characters. Vernacular architecture in Montenegro is extremely rich in stone and wood. Wooden houses with steep roofs are typical of the mountain regions, in complexes with stables and drying huts. Transhumance was the basic economy in villages and in remote homesteads in Montenegro. Life on the mountains needs different buildings, inhabited only over the summer season. Typical transhumance is found in Prokletije and Durmitor, and an inverse type on Rumija mountain. Permanent huts are located in the high mountains, thatched in straw or with shingles; at Skadar Lake the straw is removed because of the wet winter season. What can be done with abandoned, decaying or destroyed architecture? The best solution is a return of the successful original economy, but life in the industrial centres is too comfortable. Governmental and specialist help is needed. Another solution is the organization of a modern digital museum, with the help of smart phones. This needs only good organization and, of course, the support and collaboration of the inhabitants. A virtual museum can connect culture with the economy, with high expectations. For this purpose, the awareness of the people and education by professionals is first needed. Crna Gora can become well-known in Europe as valued and economically efficient Montenegro.
Archeoastronomy as the science of using the Universe, planets, sun or moon their positions and relations in space, with visual traces on Earth, is important also in architecture. Some of waterwells ...were constructed by means of a construction system called corbelling, in which horizontal layers – in a dry stone walling system overlap each other. It can be in a longitudinal shape (in staircases) or in circular form (in central rooms, called a false dome). Sant’Anastasia ‘pozzo sacro’ is a circular stone construction in corbelling, with a staircase covered by corbelled elements. Its orientation is north-south Citizens of Sardara use its water by means of an electrical pump but the original level of the water would have been to the first stair, about 75 centimetres. Archaeologists date the well in Sardara to the 12th century BC, to the Nuraghic culture (1700 BC to 238 BC). Twice a year, the sun’s rays pass through the staircase to the water level and are reflected back again through the circular opening in the top of the corbelled false dome. At the same time, the sun enters through the top opening of the chamber into the dome, touching the water surface. The angle of the construction means that it happens twice a year, on April 21 and at the end of August. The sun merging with the water and a sunbeam simultaneously rising out of the ground certainly provide a miracle. There are five pieces of evidence of this: physical phenomena, the naming of the medieval church after the pre-Christian well, the name originates from ‘anastasos’ or ‘ressurection’, miracle occurs twice a year, and it happens every year on the saint’s name day.
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